Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

damen, m. c. j.

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Multivolume work

Persistent identifier:: 856342815

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856342815

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Volume 1-3 erschienen von 1986-1988

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Document type:: Multivolume work

Volume

Persistent identifier:: 856641294

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Scope:: IX Seiten, Seiten 551-956

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A,. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856641294

Illustration:: Illustrationen, Diagramme

Signature of the source:: ZS 312(26,7,2)

Language:: English

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Editor:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Commission of Photographic and Remote Sensing Data

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2016

Document type:: Volume

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: 7 Human settlements: Urban surveys, human settlement analysis and archaeology. Chairman: W. G. Collins, Co-chairman: B. C. Forster, Liaison: P. Hofstee

Write comment:: Wegen zu enger Bindung kommt es teilweise im Original zu Textverlust.

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

Chapter

Title:: Notes on the geomorphology of the Borobudur plain (Central Java, Indonesia) in an archaeological and historical context. Jan J. Nossin & Caesar Voute

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

Symposium on Remote Sensing for Resources Development and Environmental Management / Enschede / August 1986 Notes on the geomorphology of the Borobudur plain (Central Java, Indonesia) in an archaeological and historical context Jan J.Nossin & Caesar Voute ITC, Enschede, Netherlands ABSTRACT In the second half of the Quaternary, a lake originated at the place of the present Borobudur plain, as a result of blocking of the Progo channel by Merapi fluviovolcanics piling up after slipfaulting against the Menoreh Hills. The lake has existed long enough to leave deposits which are locally 10 metres thick. Faulting in a northeasterly trend, along the present course of the lower K. Tangsi, has initiated uplift of the southeastern block. The existence of the fault is derived from the behaviour of the drainage pattern , notably a ninety-degree turn in the K.Tangsi, which then follows a clear lineament implied to be the faultline. This lineament exercises strong influence on the drainage pattern of the area. The uplift of the southeastern block has initiated the draining of the lake and led to steep incision of the Progo and Sileng rivers. This incision is marked by at least two, but most probably three main terrace phases. Considerable time therefore has elapsed since the onset of the final draining of the lake. It is therefore concluded that the lake had disappeared long before the Borobudur temple was constructed. The slipfaulting in the Merapi deposits which may have initiated the whole train of events, must be much older of age than the 1006 AD catastrophic eruption of the Merapi. l.THE BOROBUDUR PLAIN The Borobudur temple stands on a faultblock of volcanic rocks including the Gunung Gandul-Gunung Sipadang hills (Benschop Koolhoven, 1929). This outlier of intrusive ’younger andesites’ (Rahardjo c.s., 1977) overlooks a plain toward the S, SE and E, at an average height of 240 - 250 metres a.s.l. This plain, into which the K.Sileng sinks its incised meanders, is made up of alluvial deposits. It is bordered to the S by the andesites of the Menoreh Hills reaching over 900 metres a.s.l. To the E, it is bordered by the young fluviovolcanics of the G. Merapi. The plain continues north-and northwestward, where it is not made of alluvial deposits, but of young deposits derived from the G.Sumbing. The plain here lies somewhat higher, around 265 - 270 metres a.s.l. Nine shallow water borings near the Borobudur temple, in the plain, have shown a thickness of over 10 metres of sandy/clayey lake deposits (Purbohadiwidjojo and Sukardi , 1966; Voûte, 1969). 2. OBJECTIVE, METHODOLOGY The objective of this paper is, to analyze the geomorphic setting and trace the evolution of the (lake)plain, in order to verify certain ar- chaeologically significant hypotheses on the presence of an ancient lake and on the impact of major volcanic events. Air photo interpretation was carried out on three sets of photos: - colour-IR photos of 1972, at an approximate scale of 1:10.000; - colour-IR photos of 1982, at an approximate scale of 1:30.000; - black/white panchromatic photos of 1982 ,at approximately 1:50.000. Additional data were obtained during field observa tions in 1985, and also from the geological map of the Yogyakarta Quadrangle (Rahardjo c.s., 1977), and from published papers. The interpretations of the air photos are presented in the form of sketchmaps. 3. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT Borobudur has engaged the attention of scholars for over a century, resulting in more than 500 learned studies in several languages. Moreover, preserva tion and restoration work has been carried out on the monument in successive phases, again extending over a period of more than 100 years, culminating in the world-wide known Unesco-supported campaign of the years 1968-1983 (Soekmono, 1972; Voûte, 1983). Especially during this last phase much additional research covering a wide range of sub jects was carried out. But still a number of mysteries exist, surrounding this ancient temple, as reflected even in the title of one of the books on Borobudur (Bernet Kempers, 1976). One of these concerns the often debated existence of a former lake around the temple, involving two utterly different and conflicting assumptions, and another the probable reason for the apparently sudden eclipse, in the 10th-llth century, of the old Mataram Kingdom of Central Java.

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