Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

damen, m. c. j.

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Multivolume work

Persistent identifier:: 856342815

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856342815

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Volume 1-3 erschienen von 1986-1988

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Document type:: Multivolume work

Volume

Persistent identifier:: 856641294

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Scope:: IX Seiten, Seiten 551-956

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A,. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856641294

Illustration:: Illustrationen, Diagramme

Signature of the source:: ZS 312(26,7,2)

Language:: English

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Editor:: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Commission of Photographic and Remote Sensing Data

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2016

Document type:: Volume

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: 8 Geo-information systems. Chairman: J. J. Nossin

Write comment:: Wegen zu enger Bindung kommt es teilweise im Original zu Textverlust.

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

Chapter

Title:: How few data do we need: Some radical thoughts on renewable natural resources surveys. J. A. Allan

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

the specification of the AVHRR sensor brings other economies in that it only has three spectral bands. On the other hand it has very much higher temporal resolution in that daily coverage (16-18 times the Landsat frequency) is acquired at radiometric resolutions four times those familiar on the Landsat sensors (1024 levels instead of the 256 levels of Landsat MSS). It is clear in these comparisons that it is in the spatial domain that the largest economies are being made. One very important area of research in the past twenty years has been into the spectral properties of objects and their detectability by remote sensing instruments. The research to date into the spectral properties of the complex soil, vegetation and crop surfaces which are the concern of those who survey and manage renewable natural resources shows that spectral information alone will not be sufficient to discriminate many types of cover of great significance to managers. The basis of this very broad statement is the findings of the series of meetings convened to exchange information on the spectral signature of objects (INRA/CNES 1982 and 1984, ESA 1986). The results of the ten years of detailed research into data derived from ground radiometer, as well as from airborne and satellite instruments, show that only major categories of cover at what have come to be known as Anderson's Level 1 land cover classification for remotely sensed data can be reliably detected. Otherwise only tracts which have been managed to a high degree of homogeneity and which are large in extent, that is many times the pixel size of the sensor system, can be distinguished from eachother and even some of these homogeneous tracts may be difficult to discriminate. This is particularly the case when such crops as wheat, barley and grass are the crops to be detected. It has been conclusively demonstrated that reliable discrimination of cover will require multi-date information and probably improved radiometric resolution. Happily the management of large tracts (that is tracts bigger than one hectare) to a high degree of homogeneity of cover is normal in a large proportion of the rural areas of the world and the major thrust of the argument of this paper is that advantage should be taken of this normal circumstance when designing a data capture system for the detection of agricultural land cover. The discussion will be restricted to the utilisation of visible and near infrared data of the Landsat MSS/TM types as these data have proved to be most useful in rural surveys to date. At the same time the rich information environment which the MSS and TM types of data represent enable the comparison of various sampling strategies in a search for an economical approach to the potentially prohibitively expensive and data engorged problem of acquiring and handling comprehensive information on the land surface. 2 RELEVANT APPLICATIONS AND INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENTS The majority of the land surface which it is likely to be worth surveying for information on soil, water, vegetation including forest resources and crops falls into two categories. First those tracts which are managed by man intensively and secondly those tracts which are managed less intensively which grade into the regions enduring low rainfall and which are as a consequence of no ■'terest from a resource management viewpoint unless they can be commanded by irrigation water. The first type of land, the intensively managed tracts, to which we shall refer to as HISTAB Land (high intensity with stable parcels) is characterised by: • high or at least adequate rainfall for one season or perennially. • a limited range of crops grown in one or more growing seasons. • a relatively static arrangement of parcels (agricultural fields) in which crops are managed. The parcels will generally be more than one hectare, but there are many areas, especially in the tropical world where parcellation is much more fragmented than the one hectare level. • a high level of inputs and outputs suggesting the usefulness of monitoring activities and an economic justification for expenditure on agricultural censuses, including remote sensing. The second type of land, the less intensively managed land, to which we shall refer as LOSTAB Land (low intensity wih unstable parcels), is characterised by: • low and unreliable rainfall with the intensity of use determined by the level of rainfall. There are usually very clear gradients in the intensity of use which change slowly over long distances. t a limited range of crops and livestock usually restricted to one season. • irregular and ill-defined parcels for crop and livestock management except in those regions where fencing has been installed. • low levels of inputs and outputs and no economic justification for the deployment of expensive monitoring including high resolution remote sensing systems. The exact global extents of the above two types of land are impossible to estimate but it is suggested that these two types of environment include ninety percent or more of the agriculturally (including rangeland) managed environment. The other ten per cent or so of land falls into an intermediate type which for reasons of fragementation and low intensity of use falls outside the areas susceptible to monitoring by remote sensing. The discussion here does not refer to this type of cover which albeit comprises a minority of global cover. The second type of land, the lostab land, is associated with low levels of output and any type of monitoring, including remote sensing, can only be justified if it is inexpensive. The gradual nature of the changes in land cover characteristic of these areas indicate that only low resolution systems of the AVHRR type will be appropriate and economically viable in these areas Drobably in association with low level aenal survey tecnniques. (Watson 1981) It is in surveys of the the first type of cover that remote sensing is most likely to be afforded and where at the same time remote sensing is most likely to have the greatest impact. This type of cover produces at least eighty per cent by value of the world's crop and livestock production although by area it probably comprises only twenty per cent of total agricultural and rangeland cover. One matter that has become clear as a result of the research of the past twenty years is that because of the

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