Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

damen, m. c. j.

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Multivolume work

Persistent identifier:: 856342815

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856342815

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Volume 1-3 erschienen von 1986-1988

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Document type:: Multivolume work

Volume

Persistent identifier:: 856662364

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Scope:: VI, Seiten 959-1074

Year of publication:: 2016

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856662364

Signature of the source:: ZS 312(26,7,3)

Language:: English

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2016

Document type:: Volume

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: Invited papers

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

Chapter

Title:: Monitoring environmental resources through NOAA's polar orbiting satellites. Joan C. Hock

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

Symposium on Remote Sensing for Resources Development and Environmental Management /Enschede /August 1986 © 1987Balkema, Rotterdam. ISBN 90 6191 674 7 Monitoring environmental resources through NOAA’s polar orbiting satellites Joan C.Hock National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Environmental Satellite Data & Information Service, Assessment & Information Services Centre, Washington, D.C., USA ABSTRACT: Satellite imagery in combination with surface weather observations can provide a potential tool for evaluating ground and water conditions throughout the world. In order to monitor the economic impacts of anomalous weather, the Assessment and Information Services Center (AISC), of the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) integrates satellite data, geographic information, agronomic, and economic models to monitor both land and marine resources. Such assessments can provide government officials with an early warning of crop failure in order to mitigate potential climate impacts and reduce climate vulnerability. SATELLITE ASSESSMENTS AND TRAINING FOR AGRICULTURE IN THE TROPICS AISC currently provides climatic assessments on food security of developing countries in the Caribbean Basin, Africa, South and Southeast Asia, and Central and South America. The program is based on weekly rainfal1/weather analyses and climatic impact assessment models for more than 400 agroclimatic regions. Regional rainfall estimates are determined from ground station reports received through the World Meteorological Organization communications network and satellite cloud data. The assessment program utilizes NOAA's polar orbiting and geostationary satellites for early warning of environmental problems. Many of AISC's current capabilities resulted from the 1973 LACIE program (Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment) and later AgRISTARS (Agriculture and Resource Inventory Through Aerospace Remote Sensing). AgRISTARS contributed to the development of techniques for monitoring the extent and condition of major crops worldwide. In this cooperative effort, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Department of Interior (DOI), and NOAA, collaborated in crop identification and area measurement using Landsat data. Special products included daily estimates of precipitation, insolation, maximum and minimum temperatures, vegetation indices, and snowcover. From this initial effort, NESDIS has continued to develop techniques that use AVHRR data from NOAA polar orbiting satellites to assess crop stress and drought conditions in the developing world. Assessments on the status of agricultural production can be provided at least one month prior to the crop harvest. This lead time may permit decision makers to adjust marketing and pricing policies, import and export plans, and economic programs for farmers. Drought/disaster preparedness plans can also be established to mitigate climatic impacts through improved agricultural practices, selection of drought resistant crops, and optimum planting dates. In the end, such assessments or monitoring activities reduce climate vulnerability and lower the risk of crop fai 1 ure. Since 1976, the Assessment and Information Services Center (AISC) has significantly expanded reliance on satellite imagery for agricultural monitoring. Training courses have been designed for in-country scientists to utilize meteorological data augmented by satellite imagery. Visible Channel 1 with a wavelength band of .58-.68 jpm is ideal for monitoring daytime clouds and for surface mapping. Near-infrared Channel 2 with a wavelength band of .725-1.10 gm is ideal for surface water delineation and vegetation assessment. Channels 3, 4, and 5 are thermal IR channels appropriate for cloud and surface temperature determination. Each channel is used to emphasize its strength. There are two key satellite products in the NOAA/Agency for International Development (AID) assessment program: (1) precipitation estimates, and (2) color graphic displays for agricultural and vegetation monitoring in the developing world. Both products provide monitoring information on the condition of land resources. To estimate rainfall, the Center uses the visible and thermal infrared channels of the polar orbiting environmental satellites. Assessors rely on satellite data to augment ground station precipitation reports. Computer generated rainfall estimates are produced and the assessors have the opportunity to change the estimates, if needed. The VAX computer reads daily worldwide Mercator AVHRR visible, day infrared, and night infrared data. This machine generates histograms of the data distribution over defined crop growing areas. Rainfall estimates are then produced by determining the areal coverage of clouds in predefined class intervals in the histograms. The assessors can view both the satellite scenes and rainfall estimates using the Log-E image processor. The histograms and images are then transferred to the VAX data base for assessment purposes. These satellite precipitation estimates are also input to agricultural crop-yield equations. A second product that is used in agroclimatic assessments is the vegetation index. Both PSG (Polar Stereographic) and GAC (Global Area Coverage) AVHRR data, in combination with crop calendar information, are used for assessments. The difference in reflectance between Channel 2 and 1 provides a signature of the plant vigor. Channel 1 responds to reflected sunlight in the long wave length visible region, and Channel 2 records near infrared reflected sunlight. Visible Channel 1 is relatively insensitive once initial greenup of vegetation has

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