Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

damen, m. c. j.

Bibliographic data

Multivolume work

Persistent identifier:: 856342815

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Year of publication:: 1986

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856342815

Language:: English

Additional Notes:: Volume 1-3 erschienen von 1986-1988

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Document type:: Multivolume work

Volume

Persistent identifier:: 856662364

Title:: Remote sensing for resources development and environmental management

Sub title:: proceedings of the 7th international Symposium, Enschede, 25 - 29 August 1986

Scope:: VI, Seiten 959-1074

Year of publication:: 2016

Place of publication:: Rotterdam; Boston

Publisher of the original:: A. A. Balkema

Identifier (digital):: 856662364

Signature of the source:: ZS 312(26,7,3)

Language:: English

Usage licence:: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Editor:: Damen, M. C. J.

Publisher of the digital copy:: Technische Informationsbibliothek Hannover

Place of publication of the digital copy:: Hannover

Year of publication of the original:: 2016

Document type:: Volume

Collection:: Earth sciences

Chapter

Title:: Invited papers

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

Chapter

Title:: Monitoring environmental resources through NOAA's polar orbiting satellites. Joan C. Hock

Document type:: Multivolume work

Structure type:: Chapter

occurred. Near-infrared Channel 2 reflectivity increases in value with increased plant leaf area and then drops dramatically after plant maturity. The difference between Channels 2 and 1 provides a measure or signature of plant vigor that scientists can use in assessing crop conditions. After the peak period in the plant growing cycle has been reached, total biomass decreases and the difference in the values of Channel 2 and 1 dramatically decline. AVHRR vegetation indices provide a quick discriminatory visual aid in assessing worldwide crop conditions. The interpretation of visible and near infrared radiation can be improved through the assignment of colors to Channels 1 and 2. The color coordinate system provides the assessor with mechanism to transfer AVHRR data to color graphics. The status of crops can be determined over time by using one of several crop indices as the primary coordinate. The color coordinate system enhances the interpretation of spectral responses of plants and allows the analyst to measure the areal extent of drought or crop stress. A profile of vegetation reflectance over time can be constructed for disaster-stricken areas. This profile can be compared with the profile of the same area for earlier years to provide an historical measure of impact, the point in the life cycle of the crop in which the disaster occurred, and the potential impact on yield (1). During 1983 NOAA and the Agency for International Development (AID) sponsored a workshop on Climatic Impact Assessments for Agriculture at the Asian Institute of Technology in Bangkok, Thailand. The workshop led to 1983 test assessment programs (Indonesia, Philippines, and Thailand) and an expanded program in South Asia (Pakistan, India, Nepal, and Malaysia). A Senior Experts Seminar on Drought Impact Assessment and Food Security was held in Bangkok, Thailand, January 1984. Policy-level managers for food security attended the seminar and prepared country plans that included training and technical assistance for test assessment using ground station and satellite data. Expanded capabilities of microcomputers have enhanced training in satellite applications in the developing world. In 1985, the agricultural assessments program will be expanded using microcomputers in Southeast Asia. Future assessment areas include: Equatorial West Africa, the Middle East, South Pacific, Mexico, and South America (N.E. Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay). AISC has trained more than 76 foreign scientists and managers. Training has included scientists from Haiti, South America, EL Salvador, Belize, Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru; Africa from Senegal, Sierra Leone, Ethiopia, Niger; and in Asia from Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines and Singapore. Training sets using recently developed satellite ima gery techniques have been developed for the African Sahel and Southeast Asia. These assessments will be displayed on personal computers in 1985 for training purposes. Plans for training programs in AISC in 1985 focus on improving agroclimatic assessments through use of satellite imagery on microcomputers and expanded geographic coverage in West Africa, the Sahel, and South America. AFRICA: A CASE STUDY Monitoring the condition of agricultural resources in the tropics is a new application of meteorological satellite data. Drought, a natural disaster, expands over vast areas and lasts for months to even years. It is the principal weather related disaster facing most of the world's developing countries. Aside from crop failures and disastrous food shortages weather- related disasters impede economic development and create political instability. The ongoing 1984 African drought has created large food relief problems and is generating further political tension in the Sahel. Assessments cannot eliminate these disasters but they can provide a warning to decision makers for planning food security programs. During 1984, major droughts struck three regions of Africa. In South Africa, hot dry weather damaged subsistence cereals in January, February and early March. The drought sharply reduced crop production in South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Zimbabwe, and parts of Mozambique and Zambia. The impacts were especially severe because these countries all experienced drought problems in the preceding year as well. In East Africa, crops planted in March and April were damaged by drought the first half of the year in Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, Kenya, Rwanda, and parts of Tanzania, Uganda and Zaire. The first six months of the year were the driest in over 40 years in central Kenya. In the third region, the Sahel zone of West and Central Africa, near record heat and dryness during July and August curtailed growth of crops planted in May, June, and July. Affected countries included Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria and Chad. The drought in the Sahel resulted in crop and grazing losses over an area of approximately 500,000 sq. miles. For those countries impacted, that meant a reduction in crop production of almost 25 percent. The cost on local economies amounted to approximately $250,000,000. AISC scientists used the NOAA polar orbiting satellite for African vegetation assessments. Early in the growing season, satellite imagery indicated drought in the Sahel zone of Mali, Burkina, and Niger. Vegetation indices provided more detailed coverage of the drought affecting the Sahel zone of these countries. The mean vegetation indices for 1984 suggest more stress in Niger, Northern Burkina, and Southern Mali, than in the earlier year. During July and August 1984, AISC staff prepared specific asessments for Ethiopia. July - August cumulative rainfall totaled 60 percent of normal in Tigray, Ethiopia, and 40 percent of normal in Wollo, Ethiopia, with rainfall sharply diminishing during the last 2 weeks of August. The color coordinate system indicates a significantly lower vegetation reflectance in 1984 than in 1983. AISC has verified results for most of Sahel Africa during the last several years. Droughts were successfully identified from 30-60 days before crop harvest. Specifically, forecast lead times were 30 days before crop yield losses, 60 days before price changes, 90-180 days before declared food shortages. In August 1984, AISC designated food shortage alerts for Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Burkina, Niger, and Chad. During this time, assessment products included early warning cables to AID and State Department Missions, and monthly maps of anomalous climate conditions to Food Relief Organizations. SATELLITE ASSESSMENTS AND TRAINING FOR THE MARINE SECTOR IN THE UNITED STATES The Assessment and Information Services Center regularly publishes marine assessments for coastal and marine resources. The Chesapeake Bay and the Gulf of Mexico are sites of AISC's marine assessments in the United States. In the Chesapeake Bay oceanographers are attempting to quantify the exchange processes between the Bay and the adjacent shelf by using satellite data. The physical processes (i.e., wind, currents, tide) which control the exchange of waters between the Chesapeake Bay and the adjacent continental shelf influence the passive transport of fish eggs and larvae. Recruitment of several fish species in the Bay, including menhaden, depends on the the shelf into combining numer transport, fish technologies tc physical envirc The direct meas meteorological feasible. Howe on sea-surface currents, chlor in understands of the physical resources. AISC's assessme the National We wind model to c values. The tr thus sediment 1 Chesapeake Bays resources. N07 increases AISC' estuarine envir Remotely sensec and temperature land use, clima 1985, AISC plar with the Chesap as current and ground-truth ve assessments. POTENTIAL SATEL RESOURCES IN TF The Center is £ fisheries resec that through de the United Stat operational ass fisheries and \ countries. The Philippines is strongly dep food and econon Exclusive Econc continuing gove has enhanced th 1981, it rankec fishery harvest approximately 1 of the Phi 1ippi fishing industr multi-species 1 greatest attent the fishery, es world market, fishery export need for string resource is fac significant pr( reproductively overexploitati( limited traditi have been estir percent of the The highly pro< comprise less 1 waters encompa; account for air harvest. The ■ pressure on the is twofold: (! traditional fi: recruitment to full potential implementation 1030

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