446 ALGEBRA: DIOPHANTUS OF ALEXANDRIA 
when equation (1) would give 
(n — \)x = (n 2 — 1 )u, 
a solution of which is x = % 2 — 1, u = n— 1. 
III. The fifth problem is interesting in one respect. We are 
asked to find a right-angled triangle (in rational numbers) 
with area of 5 feet. We are told to multiply 5 by some 
square containing 6 as a factor, e.g. 36. This makes 180, 
and this is the area of the triangle (9, 40, 41). Dividing each 
side by 6, we have the triangle required. The author, then, 
is aware that the area of a right-angled triangle with sides in 
whole numbers is divisible by 6. If we take the Euclidean 
formula for a right-angled triangle, making the sides a. ran, 
a . -|(m 2 —n 2 ), a . -|(m 2 -f n 2 ), where a is any number, and m, n 
are numbers which are both odd or both even, the area is 
m n (m — n) (m + n) a 1 , 
and, as a matter of fact, the number mn (m — n) (m + n) is 
divisible by 24, as was proved later (for another purpose) by 
Leonardo of Pisa. 
IV. The last four problems (10 to 13) are of great interest. 
They are different particular cases of one problem, that of 
finding a rational right-angled triangle such that the numerical 
sum of its area and its perimeter is a given number. The 
author’s solution depends on the following formulae, where 
a, h are the perpendiculars, and c the hypotenuse, of a right- 
angled triangle, S its area, r the radius of the inscribed circle, 
and s = \ (a + h + c); 
S = rs = \ ab, v + s = a + b, c = s — r. 
(The proof of these formulae by means of the usual figure, 
namely that used by Heron to prove the formula 
S = V{s(s — a) (s — h) (s — c)}, 
is easy.) 
Solving the first two equations, in order to find a and h, 
we have 
= i[’’ + s+^{(r+s^-Srs}], 
which formula is actually used by the author for finding a