Full text: The collected mathematical papers of Arthur Cayley, Sc.D., F.R.S., sadlerian professor of pure mathematics in the University of Cambridge (Vol. 5)

f 
357] 
A SUPPLEMENTARY MEMOIR ON THE THEORY OF MATRICES. 
445 
viz. we have §„ = {a, b, c, (T§d, c, —b, — a), s 12 = (a, b, c, d#h, g, —f — e), &c.: we see 
at once that s n = 0, § i2 + s 21 = 0, &c., viz. the determinant in § is a skew determinant, that 
is, the square of a Pfaffian. We have therefore 
V " = (s i2 §34 + §13 §42 + §14 §23)“? 
or extracting the square root of each side, and determining the sign by a comparison 
of any single term, we have 
V = §12 §34 + §13 §42 4" §14 §23, 
which is one of the required forms of V. 
17. And in the same manner 
V 2 = tr. 
a, 
b, 
C, 
d 
. 
TO, 
n, 
0, 
p 
f, 
g> 
h 
i , 
j > 
h 
l 
i , 
j> 
fc, 
l 
- e , 
-f> 
-ff> 
- h 
in, 
n, 
0, 
p 
- ci, 
-b, 
— C, 
-d 
which is equal to the determinant 
(m, i, - e, - a), (n,j, -/, - b), (0, k,-g,~ c), (p, l, - h, - d) 
¿11? ¿12; ¿13; ¿14 
= (a, e, i, to) 
¿21; ¿22; ¿23; ¿24 
(b,f,j, n) 
¿31; ¿32; ¿33; ¿34 
(c, g, k, o) 
¿41; ¿42; ¿43; ¿44 
(d, h, l, p) 
viz. in = (<L e, h m\m y i, — e, - a), &c.; this is likewise a skew determinant, and we 
have 
V“= (£12 ¿34 + ¿13 ¿42 + ¿14 ¿23)% 
or extracting the square root of each side, and determining the sign by the comparison 
of any single term, we have 
V — ¿12 ¿34 4* ¿13 ¿42 4" ¿14 ¿23) 
which is the other of the required forms of V. 
18. Consider now the matrix 
( 
a, 
b, 
c, 
d ) 
e , 
f> 
g> 
h 
i , 
j> 
k, 
l 
TO, 
n, 
O, 
P
	        
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