MAGNETIC TUBES 
149 
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x. 6] MAGNETIC TUBES 149 
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But if a single quantum tube is liberated, the total number of 
bound tubes in the initial state is one greater than the total 
number in the final state, i.e. 
n r + n — n r ’ + n' + 1 . . . . 10 : 51 
of tW ,k 
urpos*» M w l, ‘ 
№ • 10 
, rnmif.. 
nucleus, tieag- 
inea by the osuai p. 
fertile oijj; 
Thus the above equation reduces to 
hv T = \n'hv' — \nhv . . . . 10 : 45 
which is identical with that employed by Bohr. 
6. The Fundamental Nature of Magnetic Lines 
A few remarks may be added with regard to the general 
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: «U<i, r 4 ; 
1 ie magneton r- 
character of magnetic lines, as bearing on what has been said. 
Sir Oliver Lodge in various papers has referred to the fundamental 
character of such lines. 
“ How then are we to visualize the act of magnetization, say, 
when a piece of iron is magnetized ? I say that the act consists 
Naples discusser 
^rocnetic eneis:: 
1 *f |J 
in opening out molecular magnetic loops which are already in 
existence. They are like rings swelling sideways. You cannot 
cut them or get at their ends, as you can cut a loop of string. 
They are more like indiarubber bands which can be stretched, 
»in tie final e 
10 ... 3 1 
stretched without limit; so that, instead of being shut up into 
an ultra-microscopic space, they swell out so as to enclose a 
considerable region. The lines of force of an active magnet 
envelop a large area, and when the magnetism is destroyed or 
ome specific asm: 
e first place, fi 
N in passingfin: 
tins frajaescyi: 
suppressed, the loops do not cease to be, they merely shrink, so 
as to enclose a smaller and smaller area as the magnetism dies 
away ; and they remain, ready to be swollen out again when 
the magnetism is re-excited.” * 
“ Magnetic lines are always closed curves ; there is no known 
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sW. Iutofe 
jtfiantbtiiitiii 
way of generating them, they always pre-exist, though they may 
be of atomic or molecular magnitude, and in a magnetic field 
are opened out so as to enclose a perceptible area. This is 
generally admitted to be the process of magnetization, and when 
iree is exactly®, 
uently, an as 
is equal to ties 
the magnetism ceases the lines shrink up into infinitesimal, or 
practically infinitesimal, orbits again. That the quantum is 
associated with these ultimate magnetic units is exceedingly 
likely; and an association of the electric units with the mag- 
one state to tie £ 
m tiie magnetfflS 
netic ones is all that is necessary to account for radiation.” j 
* Sir Oliver Lodge, Journal of the Röntgen Society, vol. 18, July, 1922. 
+ Sir Oliver Lodge, Phil. Mag., vol. 41, p. 942, 1921.