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“ cases where a structure or an instinct is of primary 
benefit to its possessor and then becomes of secondary 
benefit to some other species, on account of the latter 
being able in some way or other to utilise its action.”* 
The second of these statements considerably qualifies the 
first. And it can be shown to be true in many instances 
not only that a dominant race uses another for its own 
purposes, but that the co-operation is voluntary on both 
sides, and that great benefits are gained by its adoption. 
This co-operation conferring advantage to both species 
seems to me exactly to answer Mr. Romanes’ requirements. 
“ Mow magnificent a display of divine beneficence would 
organic nature have afforded if all—or even some—species 
had been so interrelated as to have ministered to each 
other’s wants ! ” But if this be so, all the demands which 
can fairly be made on behalf of the theory of beneficent 
design are amply satisfied by the co-operation which 
actually exists. 
Mr. Romanes quotes the concluding sentence from the 
article on “ Instinct,” contained in the 8th edition of the 
Encyclopaedia Britannica, which runs thus:— 
“ It thus only remains for us to regard instinct as a mental faculty, 
sui generis, the gift of God to the lower animals, that man, in his 
own person, and by them, might be relieved from the meanest 
drudgery of nature.” 
In the course of his comments on this passage, Mr. Romanes 
says:— 
“This example will serve to show not only the distance that we 
have travelled in our interpretation of organic nature between the two 
successive editions of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, but also the 
amount of verification which this fact furnishes to the theory of 
Natural Selection. For, inasmuch as it belongs to the very essence 
of this theory, that all adaptive characters (whether instinctive or 
structural) must have reference to their own possessors, we find over- 
p. 288.