and there is a so-called false mimicry, in which no useful 
end is answered, by the resemblance which one species 
bears to another. In the first place, it happens sometimes 
that two unprotected species mimic one another. 
“ In tropical Africa we find two unrelated groups of butterflies, 
belonging to two very distinct families (Nymphalidse and Papilionidse) 
characterised by a prevailing blue-green colour not found in any 
other continent. Again we have a group of African Pieridae, 
and in the same country one of the Lycaenidie (.Lefttcna eras/us) is 
coloured so exactly like these that it was at first described as a species of 
Pieris. None of these four groups are known to be in any way 
specially protected, so that the resemblance cannot be due to pro 
tective mimicry.”—(Wallace. Tropical Nature, pp. 235-6.) 
“ In another series of genera (Catagramma, Callitliea, and Agrias), 
all belonging to the Nymphalidm, we have the most vivid blue ground, 
with broad bands of orange, crimson, or a different tint of blue or 
purple exactly reproduced in corresponding, yet unrelated, species, 
occurring in the same locality ; yet, as none of these groups are 
known to be specially protected, this can hardly be true mimicry.” 
“A few species of two other genera in the same country (Eunica 
and Siderone) also reproduce the same colours, but with only a 
general resemblance in the markings. Yet again, in tropical 
America, we have species of Apatura which, sometimes in both 
sexes, sometimes in the female only, exactly imitate the peculiar 
markings of another genus (Heterochroa) confined to America. 
Here, again, neither genus is protected, and the similarity must be 
due to unknown local causes.”—(Ibid. p. 257.) 
In the second place, there are cases in which two pro 
tected species mimic one another. 
•“ In South America, in the three sub-families Danainae, Acraeina?, 
and Heliconiinae, all of which are specially protected, we find 
identical tints and patterns reproduced, often in the greatest detail, 
each peculiar type of coloration being characteristic of separate geo 
graphical sub-divisions of the continent. . . . Other changes of a like 
nature . . . occur in species of the same groups inhabiting these 
same localities, as well as Central America and the Antilles. The re 
semblance thus produced between widely different insects is some 
times general, but often so close and minute, that only a critical 
examination of structure can detect the difference between them.