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Netherlands, in parts of the Ardennes and of the Paris Basin located in Luxembourg and 
in the Swiss Jura Mountains. The research for forestry centered on the influence of the 
photo scale on interpretability for forestry purposes. Special photography was made for 
this purpose in the Netherlands (Speulder forest) and in Belgium (Zonien forest). The 
geological investigations were mainly concerned with the interpretability of some complex 
structures in sedimentary rocks in Northern Spain. A study on new methods of dip and 
slope measurement will soon be published. Investigations are under way about the ap 
plicability of various emulsion types to integrated surveys. Specially flown photography of 
selected areas in the Netherlands and in Belgium will be used for this project. The factor 
of seasonality will also be considered, reason for which the photography will be repeated 
several times in 1964 and 1965. The photographs will be interpreted by the geologists, soil 
experts and foresters of the ITC who will also carry out the related field work. The first 
results of this project can be expected towards the end of 1965. 
The Netherlands photo-interpreters did a considerable amount of work abroad during 
the reporting period. A major project entrusted to the ITC was a soil mapping, a hydro- 
geological survey and a vegetation survey in Rwanda-Burundi on behalf of the CEE. The 
vegetation survey was related to the tsetse fly campaign. The relation between soils, geo 
morphology and vegetation was particularly well demonstrated during the soil survey and 
once more proved the usefulness of photo-interpretation for soil surveys in the tropics. 
The ITC also cooperated with the ILACO in a soil survey in C'ongo-Leopoldville, with 
the IRCAM in a CEE project in Cameroon and with the Grontmij in Tunesia. The last- 
mentioned company also worked in Greece. The work carried out in Luxemburg by 
Verhoeven deserves special mention [125]. He is now in charge of the Soil Survey of this 
country. Hydrogeological studies were carried out by Voute in Guatemala (ground water 
and irrigation) and in Nigeria (Niger Dam Project). He also made a study of the possibil 
ities for conservation of the Mohenjodaro temple in West Pakistan. Another project worth 
mentioning is a construction materials survey in Southern Korea by ILACO and ITC. 
The ITC Consulting Dept, acted as advisor to the Government of Peru for the entire survey 
of the country in which also the natural resources survey played an important role. 
Before New Guinea was transferred to Indonesia there has been a considerable activity 
of Netherlands scientists to develop the knowledge of the country and its natural resources. 
These are certainly worth while mentioning in this national report. 
Geology. Photogeological activities were carried out on behalf of the GONNG (Geological 
Exploration Foundation Netherlands New Guinea) during the period under consideration, 
specially in the northern and eastern parts of the Vogelkop, where about 30,000 km 2 were 
mapped, first from 1 : 40,000 and later from 1 : 20,000 photographs. Photo-interpretation 
preceded fieldwork and was an aid in selecting the areas to be explored and in the further 
planning of the exploration. Moreover, the photos were used for location in the terrain 
and for the correction and further elaboration of the original interpretation. The Kantoor 
van het Mijnwezen (Bureau of Mines) used the airphotographs in the same way during 
the geological fieldwork, among which the Northern Vogelkop in the Central Mountains 
(Baliem Valley). 
Soils. Air-Photo-interpretation was always an integral part of the exploration. Mostly, 
photos were used in the scale 1 : 10,000 cr 1 : 20,000. Explorations were carried out among 
others by J. J. Reynders in the Koembe area [83] and also for the displacement of the 
population from the densely populated, steep valleys in the Central Mountains to more 
promising areas near the North Coast. 
Forestry. The work of the Survey Branch of the Forest Service is entirely based on the 
interpretation of the 1 : 20,000 scale photos taken since 1955 and now covering approx