389 
imitations. The 
d targets, and it 
any variables 
lircraft environ- 
it could be used 
. For research 
p to isolate the 
data on them to 
*aft installation, 
rea would soon 
jws, turbulence, 
photography or 
Congress and a 
;a and also from 
ircraft problems 
s in reducing the 
. This informa 
te measurements 
efine the experi- 
neasuring equip- 
lese respects. 
ttained in survey 
. Such informa- 
ror, but also the 
at each position, 
ated, the camera 
af correcting for 
>f a number of 
ey organisations, 
;an be calibrated, 
sources of error, 
tion of cameras, 
an of distortion 
he experimental 
tring equipment) 
arements or after 
signers of lenses 
cing for modern 
ents of tangential 
heoretical values 
'mmetry deduced 
point of auto- 
(e) An investigation of the variation of distortion with exposure using aero 
film in an actual camera. 
(f) Some new method for measuring film flatness. This should be usable in 
both register-glass and suction-back cameras, should not require the camera 
to be dismantled and should preferably be usable in the field with a minimum 
of equipment. 
(g) An extension of the present work on film processing shrinkage, to determine 
whether this is constant from batch to batch, both in absolute magnitude 
and differentially. One would then determine the likely accuracy of a 
constant correction. 
(h) Investigation of temperature and pressure effects on a range of cameras 
under laboratory conditions. This could determine the performance under 
a range of uniform temperatures and also the performance in a changing 
environment. 
(i) Recorded information of the environmental conditions in flight in typical 
air surveys. It would be most useful if survey companies and government 
flying organisations could provide information on the environmental 
conditions in their aircraft, temperature of camera recorded throughout 
flight, methods of heating, presence of camera window, height of operations, 
pressurisation if any, method of mounting, vibration levels, etc. 
This amount of work is clearly more than can be performed by one man or 
even one organisation. It is worth considering, therefore, whether Commission I 
should set up a project group to organise and coordinate the collection and systematic 
analysis of the large amount of data needed to confirm our present levels of perfor 
mance and to point to improvements for the future. If the 1964 Lisbon Congress 
can take some positive action in this direction it would be of the utmost benefit to 
photogrammetry as a whole. 
REFERENCES 
1. Atti del Convegno nulla Fotogrammetria Numerico, Milano, October 1962, Instituto Geografico 
Militare, Firenze, 1963. 
2. Washer, F. E., “Calibration of Photogrammetric Lenses and Cameras at the National Bureau of 
Standards”, Photogrammetric Engineering, Vol. XXIX, No. 1, January 1963. 
3. “Symposium on Camera Calibration”, Photogrammetric Record, Vol. IV, No. 20, October 1962. 
4. Carman, P. D., and Brown, H., “Camera Calibration in Canada”, Canadian Surveyor, Vol. XV, 
No. 8, May 1961. 
5. Washer, F. E., “The Precise Evaluation of Lens Distortion”, Photogrammetric Engineering, 
Vol. XXIX, No. 2, March 1963. 
6. Hothmer, J., “Possibilities and Limitations for the Elimination of Distortion in Aerial Photo 
graphs”, Photogrammetric Record, Vol. II, No. 12, October 1958, and Vol. Ill, No. 13, 
April 1959. 
7. Hallert, B., “Investigations of Basic Geometric Quality of Aerial Photographs and Some 
Related Problems”, Gimrada Research Note No. 4, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort 
Belvoir, Virginia, August 1962. 
8. Hallert, B., “A New Method for the Determination of the Distortion and the Inner Orientation 
of Cameras and Projectors”, Photogrammetria, Vol. XI, No. 3, 1954-5. 
9. Hallert, B., “Determination of the Interior Orientation of Cameras for Non-Topographic 
Photogrammetry, Microscopes, X-Ray Instruments and Television Images”, Photogrammetric 
Engineering, Vol. XXVI, No. 5, December 1960. 
10. Hallert, B., “Investigations of the Weights of Image Coordinates in Aerial Photographs”, 
Photogrammetric Engineering, Vol. XXVII, No. 14, September 1961. 
11. Robinson, G. S., “The Reseau as a Means of Detecting Gross Lack of Flatness of Film at the 
Instant of Exposure”, Photogrammetric Record, Vol. IV, No. 22, October 1963. 
12. Hallert, B., “Determination of the Flatness of a Surface in Comparison with a Control Plane”, 
Photogrammetric Record, Vol. Ill, No. 15, April 1960. 
13. Helming, R., “Control of and Improvement on a Photo-theodolite”, Photogrammetria, Vol. 
XVII, No. 1, 1960-1.