BuL 3/1964 
155 
Designation 
Year*) Reference Type 
Lacmann 
1931 
[1] 
optical projection, with sharp imagery 
Ferber 
1933 
[2] 
optical projection, with sharp imagery 
Bean (Orthophotoscope) 
with several successive models 
1955 
[3] 
optical procejtion, with depth of field 
FT-Schtsch 
1959 
[4] 
optical projection, with sharp imagery 
Integrated Mapping System 
1961 
[5] 
image transfer by means of cathode ray tubes 
Digital Automatic Map Compilation 
1962 
[6] 
image transfer by means of cathode ray tubes 
Automatic Map Compilation System 
and 
Automatic Stereomapping System 
(Ramo-Wooldridge) 
1963 
[7] 
image transfer by means of cathode ray tubes 
Stereomat (Hunting/Raytheon) 
1963 
[8] 
image transfer by means of cathode ray tubes 
GZ 1 Orthoprojector (Zeiss) 
1964 
19] 
optical projection, with sharp imagery 
*) The years refer to the respective publications. On the majority of these developments, there are several, partly preceding publications. 
The different instrument systems are, in addition, distinguished by the fact that measuring process 
and exposure are either simultaneous or successive due to the use of memories. For the instruments 
based on a direct, optical reconstruction of the path of rays there are solutions incorporating two 
projectors as well as others using three rigidly connected projectors. The storage media used are 
cardboard templets, pencil lines, punched paper tape, magnetic tape and scribed profile lines. 
Droppeddine contour charts are produced in addition to the orthophotogram proper. In the American 
systems, particular importance is attached to replacing the human operator by photoelectric scanning 
systems for elevation determination. An interesting summary of the work of about 35 years ago 
will be found on pages 83 to 88 of the publication [9]. A review of American developments is contained, 
among others, in [10]. 
3. The GZ 1 Orthoprojector 
On the initiative of Prof. Dr. E. Gigas, work on such a development project was resumed in 
Germany also. The instrument designed at Oberkochen, which in its basic design follows very 
closely Lacmann’s original ideas, was primarily influenced in the practical stage by suggestions from 
H. Utz.