t tracking sta - 
Dservations will 
These parame- 
s and the ove - 
ition. 
1 geometric and 
etical conside- 
itional problems 
the need for 
Lates that cer- 
iously can only 
Dend on know - 
is arise from 
. The process 
5 postulated ty- 
jeoid is an un 
lemma remains 
roduces errors 
on, the corre- 
ta still depends 
potential is the 
; the partial 
cific tracking 
are provided 
?actice, howe- 
e individual da- 
ations, caused 
the station po- 
ric problem, it 
3 mentioned 
dmetric sa - 
Ls of satellite 
>ming geode - 
Deacons for 
chart, " Geo- 
ry will depend 
with modern 
es method. It 
ucing obser - 
npatible with 
lat all quanti- 
measured 
y assigning to 
> of zero and 
:s, even if 
these are not normally distributed [4]. 
Human judgment, based on experience in assigning in advance corresponding variance 
and co-variance values, plays a major role in obtaining significant results. The interpretation 
of the discrepancies between the observed quantities and the chosen mathematical model, howe 
ver, will provide the information necessary for analyzing the soundness of the theory on which, 
in the first place, the economized model was based. 
The generalized problem of adjustment will not only provide the specific algorithms 
for a statistically correct treatment of hybrid measuring methods, as they must be envisaged, 
particularly with the application of modern geodetic and photogrammetric data collection sys - 
terns, but will, at the same time, assure the means for optimization in the design of the cor - 
responding experiments. It is the potential of the high speed electronic computer which allows, 
in practice, the application of these sophisticated methods of numerical analysis. 
Because of the progress made in the broad field of data acquisition methods, especial 
ly in the areas of optical-electronical ranging, timing and synchronization, and three-dimen 
sional stabilization of sensors, photogrammetric satellite triangulation methods must be deve 
loped as universal spatial triangulation procedures. The problem will be to develop an unres - 
tricted three-dimensional triangulation method which allows the statistically correct incorpo - 
ration of all raw data obtained from hybrid-photogrammetric measuring systems, provided such 
data contain information related to the mathematical model on which the data reduction is based. 
These techniques will, furthermore, provide a practical method for supporting mapping pro - 
jects in connection with space exploration. Specifically, the already envisaged tasks of deter - 
mining the figure of the moon and mapping parts of its surface, for and during the Apollo mis - 
sion, may very well depend entirely on precision photogrammetric techniques. 
The following diagram shows, in a generalized flow chart, the interdependence of the 
geometrical and physical disciplines in modern geodesy. Shown, too, are the interdisciplinary 
contributions leading to a universal geodetic world datum and to map coverage for large areas. 
The heavily outlined spaces are the projects which are entirely, or at least chiefly, dependent 
on precision photogrammetric techniques in connection with satellites. 
Photogrammetric Satellite Triangulation Methods 
From the foregoing, it is evident that photogrammetry is expected to contribute to the 
field of satellite geodesy 
a - by tracking satellites from stations on the earth and 
b - by acquiring metric photography from satellite-borne camera systems. 
The purpose of tracking satellites from earth-fixed camera stations is twofold. There 
is first the problem of determining the spatial positions of a number of points of a satellite or 
bit by triangulation, based on the known spatial coordinates of the tracking stations. These tri 
angulation results are especially important in support of problems concerned with the calibra 
tion and support of electronic ranging methods, which, because of their high sampling rate, are 
becoming increasingly useful for gravitational studies in satellite geodesy. 
The photogrammetric triangulation is executed with the classic principles of intersec - 
tion photogrammetry. These principles have been the subject of detailed discussions in the do 
main of " Ballistic Photogrammetry " and, consequently, require no further explanation. The 
method of determining directions to individual target points (satellite images) is identical to the 
interpolation principle used in the tracking of satellites for determining the positions of tracking 
stations. The application of photogrammetric techniques for the support of three-dimensional 
geodesy is by far more important. The satellite serves here as a high altitude auxiliary trian - 
gulation point. 
The need for satellite triangulation is created by the shortcomings of classic first-or 
der triangulations. 
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