already in use. I may refer to the Stereomat and the 
UNIMACE. Furthermore, the ortho photo mapping 
systems might eventually promise a higher degree of 
automation and an increased economy. The output of 
these systems, the ortho photo maps, have the ad- 
vantage of providing a great wealth of useful inform- 
ation; on the other hand, they also contain a lot of 
undesirable and missleading information and the 
keeping up to date of these maps might become pro- 
blematic in many areas. This will be even more so in 
a distant future, say after the year 2000. At that 
time, our successors might have in front of them fu- 
turamic maps of an urban area on which the rapidly 
changing planimetric and topographic features obvi- 
ously must be continuously recorded by an automatic 
system, if the maps should be really up to date and 
consequently of any substantial value. Maybe at that 
time line-drawn maps will have become a fairly use- 
less mean to provide up-to-date planimetric and to- 
pographic information, and new terrain information 
portrayal techniques will be in use. 
The design of new and more automated map 
compilation systems is intended to increase the effi- 
ciency and economy of map production and thereby 
to increase the annual progress in cartographic ex- 
ploration. The invested efforts are however only just- 
ified if objective analysis reveals an improved cost- 
efficiency rate. But even if this can be proved, this 
increased efficiency will be counterbalanced to a cer- 
tain extent by the fast changes of planimetric and 
topographic features which particularly in urban 
areas augment according to a geometric progression. 
It is doubtless that in the future much more cost- 
efficiency studies must be made to find the most ef- 
ficient solution to the problem of always faster chang- 
ing input date in mapping and to determine the de- 
gree of efficiency of more automated systems. Such 
studies have a direct impact on cartographic explor- 
ation and they might indirectly affect national eco- 
nomy. 
The Impact of Planning, Teaching and Research 
on Cartographic Exploration and its Economy 
  
It is quite obvious that we must do some serious 
planning in the immediate future with regard to the 
problems of under-nourishment of large portions of 
the world’s population, population explosion, and ur- 
ban development and the impact of these problems 
on future cartographic operations. This planning must 
also consider the problem of map revision in the fu- 
ture. In other words, we map makers must become 
more aware of our responsibility to the public as well 
as of our position in the framework of national and 
international economy. It is discouraging to see thai 
very little has been published on planning of carto- 
graphic operations. This in itself is an entire science 
and has considerable impact on the future develop- 
ment of the countries in question. In the second half 
of the 20th century, we do not even know what is the 
impact of cartographic exploration on the national 
economy or in what time a country has to be mapped 
at certain scales to guarantee an efficient economical 
and technical development of the area in question. 
Also nothing is known about the time period which 
should be al'otted to complete the cadastral surveying 
of a country. Finally, very few studies have been 
made about the required annual surveying and map- 
ping output although this item is of a major signific- 
ance. Fortunately, there are indications that this might 
be better in the future. For instance in the U. S. A. 
and Canada in recent years, so-called "Map Users 
Conferences" were held which were attended by all 
possible map using agencies and at which it was de- 
termined what annual progress should be achieved in 
terms of surveying and mapping output. The synthe- 
sis of such map users conferences provides a valuable 
basis for a realistic planning. 
The above outlined problems concern also teach- 
ers and researches. Many of the first ones must ne- 
cessarily revise their philosophy underlying their 
course contents and they must get rid of their ivory 
tower philosophy; and many of the second category 
must concentrate more efforts on purposeful research 
including economics, operational, planning and ma- 
nagement research. This will necessarily result in ^ 
new research philosophy; and a new research policy 
must be set fourth which will yield a much better 
costbenefit ratio than that of the present day's un- 
coordinated and somewhat confused research activity. 
This new research policy must be directed to- 
ward the goal of providing efficient assistance in 
solving some of the world's most urgent problems, 
such as the problem of hunger and malnutrition. As 
already mentioned, more than half of the world's po- 
pulation suffer from under-nourishment or malnutri- 
tion; and the world's population increases faster than 
the world's food supply! There are projections and 
predictions that already the year 1980 will have to be 
declared as the world's population first year of 
hunger. 
In more specific words, we must set fourth a 
new research policy with highly coordinated and ef- 
ficient research efforts and with clearly formulated 
scopes and priorities and this on a national as well 
as on an international level. At the present time, 
there is a great waste of efforts and money due to 
duplication as a consequence of a somewhat vague or 
non-existent research policy and a lack of coordination. 
The future research efforts must be coordinated with 
a realistic national and international planning of fu- 
ture surveying and mapping activity which must be 
such that by no means the future economical and 
technical development on a national and international 
level is seriously hindered by an inadequate annual 
surveying and mapping output, and that consequently 
every year billions of dollars are lost in the world's 
economy. 
Conclusions and Recommendations 
  
The following conclusions may be drawn from 
the previous sections: the under-nourishment prob- 
lems on a world-wide level and the population ex- 
plosion necessitate an increase of efforts for the ex- 
ploitation of natural resources and an acceleration of 
food production. Similar effords should be made in 
the field of cartographic exploration because these 
operations supply the necessary basis for the planning 
and the initiation of projects of technical and eco- 
nomic development. This implies that in the national