INTRODUCTION 
Each country has its own particular problems in map production, and the 
prominent ones in Canada arise from economics, transport and climate. The 
country has an area greater than that of the whole of Europe, yet the population, 
while rapidly growing, is relatively small and confined to particular locations. 
Terrain includes dense forest and barren country, relatively flat plain and high 
mountains — all covering enormous areas, while watercourses and lakes abound 
by the thousand. In latitude limits extend from the 42nd parallel high up into 
the Arctic Ocean. 
It is readily seen that methods of mapping originally developed to serve 
small, compact, densely settled countries require considerable modification 
before application to Canadian conditions. This applies as much to the older 
forms of surveying as it does to modern developments in photogrammetry. 
Therefore, while much pioneer photogrammetric work has been done in Canada, 
caution has always been exercised in applying the highly developed instrumental 
technique, with its multiplicity of control, that has, in the past, received so 
much attention in Europe. 
GROUND PHOTOGRAMMETRY 
Canadian photogrammetry owes its origin to Edouard Gaston Deville, who 
was born in France in 1849. He graduated from the Naval School at Brest, 
and then spent six years as an officer of the French navy, mainly on hydro- 
graphic surveys in the Pacific, retiring with the rank of Captain in 1874. Deville 
moved to Canada and became Surveyor General of Dominion Lands in 1885. 
The scientific aspects of his duties always interested him (he was a Charter 
member of the Royal Society of Canada) and when the question of mapping 
the mountainous regions extending westward from the great plains became 
important, he realized the possibilities of applying Laussedat's methods to the 
situation. With his intimate knowledge of the practical requirements, Deville 
quickly designed instruments of simple construction, suitable for transport over 
long distances through difficult terrain and capable of being calibrated in the 
field. His camera was adapted for photography in the horizontal direction only, 
and this method has continued to be sufficient for practically all ground photo- 
grammetry in the mountainous areas of Canada, where Deville's system, with 
minor improvements, is still giving useful service in mapping. 
The first photographic party was sent into the Rocky Mountains in 1886 
to survey the area adjacent to the Canadian Pacific Railway (Ref. 6). Its 
chief was J. J. MacArthur, who continued for several years in this work. With 
the development of the technique, in the first seven years an area of 2,000 sq. 
m. (5,000 sq. km.) was mapped from MacArthur's surveys, and published at a 
scale of 1:40,000 using a contour interval of 100 ft. {30.5 m.). A large area of 
Western Canada was mapped by Deville's methods, but at the present day the 
main application of ground photographs is to furnish control in rugged territory 
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