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(713) 
bilities to fire, are mainly financed under the *GI Bill", contain an average of 
two adults and two and one-half children, use similar amounts of water, and 
represent a relatively narrow range of income and purchase power. We need 
only recognize these housing developments in the photograph. Such demo- 
graphic and actuarial data can be broadened to relate to larger functional 
groupings. 
From these general considerations it may be seen that the photograph 
ought to supply the following data: 
1. A complete physical description of the city including its location as 
related to the surrounding terrain and surrounding economic activity. 
2. A breakdown into the various functional divisions in some detail as 
indicated in Figure 1. 
3. A delineation of its broader structural arrangements including types 
of building construction, building density, height, etc. 
4. A description of areas of nature development and of areas of growth. 
5. A picture of the street patterns and the main arteries of traffic. 
6. An analysis of external communications, their means, capacity and 
effectiveness. 
7. We should be able to obtain some general conception of the essential 
municipal services, utilities and facilities. 
As outlined by the United States National Capital Park and Planning 
Commission the scope of study of urban areas include: 
a. Land in use 
b. Housing and redevelopment 
c. Movement of people and goods 
d. Community services 
e. Open spaces. 
With this brief and possibly hurried explanation of the scope of the 
problem let us turn in the light of these concepts to the examination of a 
specific example which illustrates the solution of a hypothetical but typical 
problem, once the functional and structural patterns are assembled. 
Let us examine a city outside of the United States, for example, a city in 
India. Of case samplings from a number of areas throughout the world, that 
of India is one of the most interesting. For experimental purposes India affords 
us a type of urban area which is considerably different from either American 
or European cities, and as such offers a better challenge to the validity of the 
method. Secondly, it is a large country with many large cities which provide 
a broad basis for sampling and testing. Also, suitable published information is 
readily available. In addition, India is one of the few places in the world where 
two cultures have existed in long juxtaposition and as a result enabled the 
study of a variety of types of areas. Due to recent changes in economic and 
political status, the urban pattern is being fundamentally influenced. Also the 
Indian city presents an example of great density of human habitation. 
The first illustration (figure 1) is a synthesis of the typical functional and 
structural characteristics common in varying proportion to all Indian cities. 
The nature and background of this urban pattern are well explained in the 
articles by O.K.H. Spate in the Geographical Review of April 1950 and by 
Suprekas Ghosh in Economic Geography, a Clark University publication, in 
March 1951.