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block, leaving only a portion unremoved, which has the same shape as the 
outline of the picture used. Each section of the portrait has its own picture. 
Thus the slow and uncertain guesswork of modeling the portrait in soft 
material by hand is replaced by carving material away from a block, the 
amount of which is at all times clearly indicated. 
A better and more pleasing likeness is the result. 
La phologrammétrie appliquée à la confection de portraits sculptes 
Le procédé se divise en deux phases: La préparation d’un »relevé de formes et expressions» du 
sujet, et la taille du portrait en relief, d’une masse de matière première. 
Le »relevé» consiste en une bande de film cinématographique contenant les images d’une série 
de reliefs de la tête et du cou du sujet. Ceux-ci sont obtenus en déplaçant lentement un appareil 
cinématographique en synchronisme avec le mouvement d’une tranche silhouettée sur le visage et 
le cou. De cette façon un grand nombre de tranches variées sont enregistrées sur film. 
En projetant les images des tranches sur un écran, en obtient les nombreux countours nécessaires 
au guidage d’un pantographe pourvu d’une pointe sèche à une extrémité, et d’une fraiseuse 
électrique à l’autre, qui éliminé la matière superflue. La partie résiduelle représente le portrait 
sculpté dans tous ses details. 
Résumé de la communication de M. Blesh, intitulée »Postural analysis of 
Yale University freshmen». 
The term »body mechanics», which is more inclusive than the word »posture», 
simply means the alignment of the various segments of the body. One of the 
distinct purposes of »Corrective Classes» at Yale University is to see that each 
individual knows what is involved in good body mechanics, knows what po 
sitions to emphasize or stress in order to attain good alignment of the various 
segments of the body, and develops the strength and coordination necessary 
to assume good mechanical positions of the body. 
For many years attempts have been made to obtain more objective measure 
ments of an individual’s standing posture. Photography has been used in many 
of these studies but it has been rather limited in that only one view of a person 
could be taken at any one time. With the advent of the PhotoMetric Photo 
graph this difficulty was overcome, and in the spring of 1952, the PhotoMetric 
equipment was installed at Yale University to be used in connection with the 
postural photographs of incoming freshmen. In 1954 a brochure was published 
which indicated the techniques of measurement to be used which would appear 
to enable a more complete analysis of the individual’s postural alignment. This 
brochure pointed out the distinct advantages of PhotoMetric photography as 
follows: 
1. Four images of the individual were provided in one exposure, thereby 
giving the recorder a complete picture of the subject in the front, rear, side 
and overhead views. 
2. The accuracy with which measurements could be made on any part of the 
body. 
3. The fact that a slide could be made of each individual photograph and 
projected on a screen to half life-size proportions. (This larger image enabled 
certain measurements to be made that were impracticable on a smaller 
image.) 
Members of the Physical Education staff of the University together with the 
orthopedic physician analyzed the projected image of a subject very carefully 
in order to determine the body landmarks appearing in the picture which 
would be conductive to measurement for posture purposes. As a result of this 
analysis, flesh pencil markings and aluminum pointers were placed on the 
individual so that various measurements could be made as follows: neck 
position, shoulder position, kyphosis, lordosis, chest position, pelvic angle, 
overcarriage position, and leg thrust. A total of eighteen different measurements 
were recorded. 
T. E. BIcsh: Postural 
analysis of Yale 
University freshmen. 
(Publ. V B 1; 
voir USA V)