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INTRODUCTION 
in this report, a review is given of the present state of 
knowledge regarding systematic image errors and their effects 
in aerial triangulation. It is wellknown that systematic 
image errors which are an important component of the total 
image error cannot be properly described by a theory of 
independent random image errors. A separate theory is necessary 
to study the effects of the systematic image errors. Based 
on this theory, it could be demonstrated how dangerous and 
unpredictable the effects of systematic image errors in 
triangulation can be (section 3). The methods known to detect 
and compensate for these effects after triangulation are 
cumbersome and elaborate (section 4). It follows that in 
practical triangulation projects great care should be taken 
during flight mission, film processing and handling, in order 
to keep systematic image errors within reasonable limits. 
The definition of systematic image deformation is in itself 
already a difficult task. An intuitive definition is given 
in section 2 on which the two following sections are based. 
The problem of definition is however taken up again in section 
5, where an attempt is made to indicate a more complete 
definition of not only the systematic image errors but of the 
image errors as a whole, 
A DEFINITION OF SYSTEMATIC IMAGE ERRORS 
  
Let us for the time being use the following intuitive definition 
of systematic image deformation: 
Let us consider a photogrammetric block consisting of P 
photograms.In every photogram nine points are selected at 
standardized locations (cf. figure 1). We then define the 
Systematic image deformation by the set of 2 x 9 coordinate 
errors at each of these points, which is the same for all 
P photograms in the block. We also agree on some (linear) 
interpolation rule, by which the coordinate errors may be 
obtained in any other point of the plates.