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PLANNING 
Though the planning of projects is mainly based on past experience in most 
countries, Australia, Netherlands, U.K. and the U.3.A. report that while planners 
rely heavily on experience, in general systematic procedures are employed in 
that alternative methods are considered and the optimum solution sought for each 
new project. 
An outstanding example is the refined planning model introduced in the Ordnance 
Survey in the U.K., where projects are clearly defined in scale and content in 
order to provide even annual work loads through the production flow-line. The 
planning cycle may moreover be spread over several years in order to allow for 
parameters such as the acquisition of photography, etc. 
PUBLICATIONS 
The enormous number of publications on topics within the field of Commission IV 
prevents them from being listed separately in this section, and so they are 
included as appendix A to this report. 
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 
  
Australia, Canada, Netherlands, South Africa, Sweden and the U.K. reported on 
research projects being carried out in the field of photomapping and orthophoto 
mapping, the topics ranging from their application to both small scale (Canada) 
and large scale mapping (Sweden), to the portrayal of underwater features (U.K.) 
and the Canadian development of an instrument system for the production and | 
processing of stereo orthophotos. 
On the subject of automation, digital plotting is being investigated in 
Australia, Canada, Netherlands, Sweden and the U.K. Other typical examples in 
this field are the development of an automatic cartographic system in Canada, 
designed to allow flexibility in changing map scale and content and to eventually 
eliminate manual scribing and the review of Land Data Banks in Australia, where 
one State has progressed to the stage of completing a controlled experiment on 
a "model" bank, comprising 1% of the land units. 
The development of photogrammetric systems with the view to minimising the 
ground control requirements in inaccessible areas is receiving attention in 
both Canada and the U.S.S.R. 
Finally, the U.S.A. reports the successful execution of a topographic mapping 
programme under conditions of total darkness using an infra-red scanner system.