in the course of this century, stereophotogrammetry has evolved 
into a highly specialized and somewhat esoteric branch of engineering 
which is mainly applied to aerial survey work, although the potential for 
using stereophotogrammetry in other areas, such as biology and 
medicine, has been widely explored. 
2. PREVIOUS REVIEWS AND GENERAL ARTICLES 
Biomedical applications of stereophotogrammetry have been 
reviewed by Lacmann (1950), Miskin (1956, 1960), Halsman (1956), 
Pierson (1961), Turpin (1963), Hallert (1965), Behrens (1967), 
Hardegen (1969), Herron (1969), and Lüóschner et al (1970), among 
others. None of these authors purported to cover a wide spectrum and 
none of the reviews constitutes a comprehensive treatment of the 
subject. Distinct areas of application of biomedical 
stereophotogrammetry have been documented in more detail by other 
authors whose work is referenced below in connection with their more 
specialized research interests. 
The present review collates materials from all the above sources and 
many additional items from the international literature. Numerous 
general articles alluding to -the relevance of stereophotogrammetry to 
biomedical subjects are included. Their contents will not be summarized 
here, since essentially the same ground is treated in more detail under 
the various subdvisions of the review. These articles are generally lacking 
in depth of coverage, but understandably so, since the authors usually 
sought to communicate with relatively uninformed potential users and 
esoteric details would have been inappropriate. 
3. STEREOPHOTOGRAMMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF BODY FORM 
3.1 Gross Body Form 
Body measurements were made early in the "modern era" of 
photogrammetry by Liebenau (1904), Samter (1906), Pulfrich (1907), 
Lehmann (1909), Zaar (1913-1914) and Braun (1927). The subjects of 
these investigations were usually animals and since the instruments were 
quite primitive the results were not scientifically spectacular. 
Nevertheless, these early studies demonstrate the long association 
between photogrammetry and biomedical interests. 
With interest in military photogrammetry growing rapidly in a 
politically unsettled Europe and the more obvious commercial potential 
of aerial survey uses, close range photogrammetry received short shrift 
for several years. The first real surge of interest in biomedical 
stereophotogrammetry developed in the thirties as better equipment 
became available. Leroy (1931) revived interest in photogrammetry 
applied to animal husbandry, but the more detailed studies of Leydolph 
Ge,