distribution ‘curve (VDC) concept has proved to be a useful outcome of 
this work. The “VDC” is the curve of cross-sectional area against height 
(or length), so that the arca under the curve shows the total volume and 
how it is distributed over the various body segments. A related 
concept——the surface area distribution curve (SADC)-—was also 
described. These biostereometric techniques will be used to evaluate the 
effects on astronauts of extended space missions, beginning with the 
Apollo 16 mission. 
In a novel experiment, Hou, Veress and Prothero (1970) used light 
anesthesia to immobilize a mouse which was then "photographed in 
different positions so as to provide information for most of the body 
surface." Detailed contour maps were compiled from six sets of 
single-camera stereopairs and analytical techniques were used to 
characterize the growth of the mouse during its first thirty days of life. 
In a later study Hou and Veress (1971) measured the volume and 
surface area of small inanimate bodies. They studied a 94-day-old fetus 
in vitro using both graphical and analytical soiutions and concluded that 
“analytical photogrammetry has great potential for quantitative studies 
in biological science." Savara (1971), in a brief article, reported 
contouring a doll to show the potential of stereophotogrammetry for 
infant growth studies. But use of an inanimate body form in this type 
of study facilitates the use of a single camera and simplifies other 
problems associated with measurements on living humans or other 
organisms. 
Herickx (1971) recently investigated the role of body form 
measurements in psychology. Unfortunately, few results were given, but 
he indicated that the preliminary findings were encouraging. His 
approach follows the pattern of earlier investigations by Miskin, 
Hertzberg et al, and Herron et al, among others. 
32 Head, Teeth and Jaw 
More stereophotogrammetric measurements have been made on the 
head than any other body part. The major reason is simply that being 
able to eat effectively and having a good appearance are so important to 
physical and mental health. Thus, quantitative three-dimensional 
information about head structure is important for biomechanical and 
cosmetic, among other purposes. 
Not surprisingly, dentists and orthodontists have shown particular 
interest in stereometric analysis of craniofacial structures and how the 
change with growth. Cranial contour lines were drawn over sixty years 
ago by Benington (Pearson 1911) and D'Arcy Thompson (1912) but the 
first use of stereophotogrammetry in orthodontics is generally attributed 
to Mannsbach who published an article on the subject in 1922. Almost