twenty years elapsed before Zeller (1939) pursued a similar application 
and demonstrated the use of a Wild stereometric camera with a 40 cm 
base and an A-5 autograph to compile head contour maps. But the first 
detailed photogrammetric studies of human jaw orthopedics were carried 
out by Rudolph Hotz (1943) at the University of Ziirich Medical 
Institute and Arturo Pastorelli (1944) of Eidg. Technische Hochschule 
Zürich. In spite of the rather long camera-subject distance of 1.60 mm, 
they were able to plot facial contours at an interval of 2.5 mm. Also at 
ETH in Zürich, Thalman-Degen (1944) wrote a doctoral dissertation on 
the same subject. A decade later, the measurement of jaw swelling was 
taken up by Bjórn, Lundquist, and Hjelmstrom (1954), who were 
apparently unaware of the Zürich work. They also used a Wild 40 cm 
base camera and Wild autograph plotting equipment, but they reduced 
the camera-subject distance to 80 cm by using extra lenses. 
Medical stereophotogrammetry in Sweden apparently dates from 
the mid-forties (Strenger, 1946). A concentrated interest in medical, but 
particularly dental and x-ray stereophotogrammetry developed within a 
few years—an interest which has continued to the present day. 
Numerous publications have resulted from collaboration between the 
Division of Photogrammetry, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 
and medical institutions such as the Karolinska Institute, Stockholm and 
the State Dental School, Malmo. These reports include: Nyquist and 
Tham (1951), Berghagen (1951), Tham (1953), Berghagen and 
Hjelmstróm (1953), Hjelmstrom (1953), Bjorn, Lundquist, and 
Hjelmstróm (1954), Forsslund (1959), Lindblom (1960), Lundberg 
(1963), Wictorin (1964), Berghagen, Rônnerman, and Adolfsson (1964), 
Holm and Krakau (1966), Holm, Krakau, Lindhe and Wallenius (1967), 
Torlegärd (1967), Nylen and Torlegärd (1967) and Berghagen, Bergström 
and Torlegärd (1968). The subject matter of these investigations has 
embraced: dental prosthetic materials, intraoral radiodontology, facial 
swellings, the capillary system of the gingiva, the anatomy and function 
of the temporo-mandibular joint, bone resorption, the movement of 
impacted teeth, and tumor volumes. Several of these reports run to 
almost a hundred pages so it would be impossible to do justice to them 
within the scope of this review. It is well known that the late Professor 
Bertil Hallert was instrumental in developing medical photogrammetry at 
Stockholm's Royal Institute of Technology and many of the above 
reports resulted from theses carried out under his supervision. 
Dental stereophotogrammetry has also been explored in at least 
three other countries. In Japan, Haga and co-workers (Haga, 1960; Haga, 
Ukiya, Koshihara, and Ota, 1964) have studied the face and jaw. 
Maruyasu (1969) has also made facial contour maps to assist 
reconstructive surgery. But outside of Sweden, American and English 
investigators have been most active in the dental area. In the United 
States, Savara (1965) described a method for quantifying the occlusal