landscape elements, on the hydrographic, on the subsoil water conditions and on the method of cultivation, 
is possible to determine a great variety of genetic soil types and at the same time, the individual soil variations 
and physical soil assortment difference were mapped. 
The parallel survey proved that a soil map, controlled on selected areas, made by aerial photographic 
interpretation, was more accurate, richer in content than the large scale soil map made in the field. 
The map (scale 1:10,000) made by photo interpretation displayed the smallest details of the soil mosaics, and 
gave a solid base to the genetic soil mapping, to the soil classification and to the scientific research as well. 
26. Mindszenty, A. and Vörös, I. 
Hungary 
THE GEOLOGICAL-TECTONIC AND ORE EXPLORATION MAPPING OF 
UNCOVERED AREAS BY THE INTERPRETATION OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS 
On arid and semiarid areas because of the sparse vegetation and the different kinds of rock, depending upon 
their physical characteristics and the crustal movements, can be examined because they are uncovered. 
The authors prove the possibility of direct application of the 1:32,000 scale aerial photographs on the field of 
mapping of ores and tectonizm in an Asiatic example. Such an application of aerial photographs cannot be 
done without the knowledge of geomorphological properties of the main types of rocks of the area, or without 
ore prospecting developments before the interpretation. On the basis of previous land observation, it could be 
proved that the areas worthwhile for detailed survey were where only minor fractural tectonic elements 
appeared, or where they did not occur, the areas were poor in folding structural elements. 
From the laid out aerial photographs, the traces of the aerial crustal movements were interpreted directly, first 
of all, the linear tectonic elements marking the fractural movement of the rocks, and the folding which fixed 
the flexible transformations. 
It is also possible to plot the area limits of the differnt kinds of rocks and on this basis one can restrict the traces 
of the mineralisation to the types of rocks which are considered genetically important for mineralisation 
purposes. The authors have made maps of the ore deposits and tectonic structure of the area by the 
interpretation of the aerial photographs covering an area of 1,000 m? which contained many thousands of 
structural elements of mountains, and in addition, for direct survey purposes serves as a base for the mapping 
of similar and greater area units. 
From the common examination of the ground observation and the aerial photographic interpretation, one can 
make genetic statements on the field of ore exploration, i.e. in the surveyed areas it was proven that the folding 
movements preceded the mineralisation, while the fractional movements took place mainly after 
mineralisation. 
27. Murtha, P.A. 
Canada 
CLASSIFICATION OF FOREST DAMAGE FROM AIR PHOTOS 
A color illustrated guide to the aerial photographic interpretation of forest damage has been prepared (Murtha, 
1971). In the guide, types of forest damage were broken down by means of a key, to 31 damage syndromes. 
The syndromes, although distinct, are not mutually exclusive. A single agent can cause more than one damage 
syndrome. Conversely, and individual syndrome may result from several causes. In order to test the accuracy 
of the guide in describing the damage syndromes, the key was tested on color infrared photographs of an 
intensively managed forest. The photos were interpreted for forest damage, and the results of the test were 
field-checked. 
Many different varieties of forest damage were recognized and included damage by insects and disease factors, 
and miscellaneous biotic and abiotic factors. Even though the study was done on an intensively managed forest 
area, 47% of the damage volume was Type I damage, and consisted of dead defoliated trees. (This figure would 
represent the total amount of damage in a general forest inventory survey if only dead trees were counted). 
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