components makes possible precise delay and reproduction of electronic signals so that image geometry may 
be accurately restituted under the control of external data inputs. The optical and electronic features of the 
improved restitutor will be shown schematically and described in terms familiar to photogrammetrists. 
19. Glushkov, V.M. 
Komarov, V.B. 
Lostshilov, V.S. 
Njavro, B.P. 
Starostin, V.A. 
U.S.S.R. 
SIDE-LOOKING IMAGING RADAR SYSTEM ‘TOROS’ AND 
ITS APPLICATION FOR ICE CONDITIONS STUDY 
AND GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS 
For the purpose of ice exploration in the U.S.S.R., an aircraft side-looking radar system ‘Toros’ was created, 
which in a very short time has found a wide application both for the evaluation and prognosis of the ice state 
at the unfavourable meteorological conditions, and for obtaining a small-scale terrain image that can later be 
used in geological explorations. 
Due to the short wavelength, a narrow direction in the horizontal plane and short pulses the terrain image has 
a high resolution. 
The result of practical application of this system has shown that, according to the radar image, the degree of 
ice packing and a detailed picture of its distribution on the given area; the extension of ice fields, their forms 
and age; ice hummock, distribution of channels and break-up with free water can be determined. It allows the 
establishment of the natural regularity of the ice cover formation and its dynamics. 
The possibility of obtaining the radar images on the vast area enabled us to carry out photogeological 
interpretation and to compose the structural diagrams, fault maps, and in many cases, to distinguish and 
determine different types of rocks. 
Specific properties of the image construction by the side-looking radar system, emphasizes the character of 
relief and gives to it a pronounced, sculptural appearance. This permits the successful carrying out of the 
geomorphological interpretation and study of the forms of relief according to the radar images. 
The surveys by the system ‘Toros’ were made in different geological structures and geographical regions of the 
Soviet Union: in Kamchatka, Polar Ural, Middle Asia and other parts of the country. 
20. Helava, U.V. 
Chapelle, W.E. 
United States 
EPIPOLAR SCAN CORRELATION 
Epipolar scanning for automation converts the image correlation task from two-dimensional to one- 
dimensional by taking advantage of the inherent order of stereophotographic data recording on epipolar lines. 
Several instruments can effectively incorporate epipolar scan principles, in particular the Epipolar Scan 
Stereomapper currently under development. This system is intended for the rapid production of digital terrain 
models--less than 10 minutes for the 100,00 to 150,000 points on a typical stereo-model. The high speed is 
made possible by the high signal to noise ratio of the laser scanner and by the very efficient digital correlator 
developed for the system. 
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