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XIV Congress of FIG, Commission V, Washington, D.C., 1974. 
7. Kratky, V., "Ophthalmologic Stereophotography", Photogrammetric Engineering, Vol. XLI, No. 1, 
p. 49 + 64, January 1975. 
8. Kratky, V., "Digital Modeling of Limbs in Orthopaedics", Photogrammetric Engineering, Vol XLI, 
No. 6, June 1975. 
9. Masry, S.E., Gibbons, J.G., "Distortion and Rectification of IR", Photogrammetric Engineering, 
Vol. XXXIX, No. 8, p.845 - 849, August, 1973. 
10. Masry, S.E., Derenyi, E., Crawley, B.G., "Photomaps from Non-Conventional Imagery", Photogrammertic 
Engineering. Vol. XLII, No. 4, p. 497 - 501, April, 1976, 
11. Van Wijk, M.C., "The Present State of the Stereo-Orthophoto Techniques", Proceedings of Orthophoto 
Workshop III, San Antonio, Texas, 1975. 
COMMISSION III 
Aerial Triangulation 
Reporter: M.E.H. Young, Surveys and Mapping Branch, E.M.R. 
Over the past four years, there has been much activity in the field of aerial triangulation in Canada. 
The impact of new adjustment methods coupled with the advances in instrumentation and computer techno- 
logy have led to significant progress in several areas. 
Adjustment Methods 
The independent model approach has now largely replaced polynomial adjustments of strips which were 
so common only a few years ago. The advantages in terms of instrument requirements, accuracy of the 
adjustment results and economization of field control information, have convinced most photogrammetrists 
to change over to the more rigorous methods. 
For the Canadian mapping industry, the availability of the block adjustment program SPACE-M has had 
a tremendous impact on the aerotriangulation work. This program SPACE-M, an acronym for Spatial 
Photogrammetric Adjustment for Control Extensions using independent Models, was developed by J.A.R. 
Blais of the Surveys and Mapping Branch of E.M.R. The program has been made available to Canadian 
users since 1973 through the CDC computer centres across Canada and lately through the IBM computer 
centres. 
Using a seven-parameter formulation per independent model, SPACE-M has been designed to adjust large 
blocks of models with few restrictions about the density and position of the control points. In ad- 
dition, the program has the flexbility of using auxiliary control information such as lake surfaces 
as levelling constraints. The program SPACE-M has a number of automated features which make its use 
relatively simple for the average user and which ensure its efficiency in all situations. 
Applications of SPACE-M have been extensive in both aerial and terrestrial photogrammetric work. It 
has been used by the Surveys and Mapping Branch of E.M.R. in the production of medium scale topogra- 
phical maps (e.g., 150 000) using lake surfaces as levelling constraints and aerodist photography 
for horizontal control. Several of the blocks adjusted contained more than 1 000 models. The pro- 
gram SPACE-M has also been used in large scale mapping for cadastral purposes and in terrestrial 
photogrammetric projects involving structure deformations and geological investigations. 
The Surveys and Mapping Branch of E.M.R. and the University of New Brunswick also have the block 
adjustment program PATM-43 developed at the University of Stuttgart, W.G. This program uses the pla- 
nimetry, levelling approach for the adjustment of independent models. The use of auxiliary informa- 
tion including lake surfaces, APR profiles and Statoscope is an important feature of the program. 
In the Surveys and Mapping Branch, PATM-43 program is extensively used for the 1:50 000 mapping 
programme. For the analysis of the block adjustment errors, a computer program was developed 
(Allam, 1975) applying Mathematical Statistical methods.