length, 108° sweep angle. and 259 convergence angle would be used \) 
for high resolution compilation photography; a laser altimeter would 
provide measurements of the distance from the spacecraft to the 
terrain. Although the actual parameters are different, this will 
be recognized as the same system design which was successfully 
operated on Apollo missions 15, 16, and 17. The utility of the 
design may be recognized by the fact that better maps are now being 
made for portions of the Moon than exist in many areas on Earth. 
The Academy's recommendations have served as a basis for a 
large number of NASA studies on camera systems to be included in the 
Shuttle orbiter. One of several such studies called "Photopack" would 
utilize panoramic, metric, and multispectral cameras on a pallet to 
be carried in the rear of the Shuttle cargo bay (60). Over a number 
of missions such a system might be expected to acquire complete cov- 
erage of any desired area. However at this time there has been no 
positive decision to include cameras in the Shuttle orbiter missions. 
The European Space Administration (ESA) is building the Spacelab () 
as an approved Shuttle payload. The Spacelab will consist of a ) 
manned laboratory providing a shirt sleeve atmosphere for scientists 
and a series of external pallets on which various experiments can be 
mounted. Initially the Spacelab will remain attached to the Shuttle 
orbiter, but eventually it is planned for independent operation in 
space. One Spacelab configuration is planned for Earth resources (61). 
It carries about every kind of radiemeter and spectrometer which one 
can imagine, but also has provision for cameras. The proposed mapping 
camera will have a 60 cm focai length and 23 x 23 cm format, providing 
approximately 20 m resolution on the Earth's surface (62). A four- 
camera multispectral system utilizing Hasselblad cameras is also 
contemplated. 
  
Based on the Skylab experience, cartographers are looking to the 
spacecraft launch and service mode as the first real opportunity 
to obtain useful photogrammetric data from space. NASA studies have 
included a Low Cost Modular Spacecraft (LCMS) which would have 
standardized propulsion system, power supply, command and control 
system, attitude control, and data transmission (63). It would have () 
a series of experiment bays into which various sensors or experiments 
could be mounted. A full-scale mockup has been built and those who 
are familiar with photographic systems can easily recognize the 
panoramic camera, the mapping camera, and the multispectral camera. 
On-orbit service could be exchanging expended film magazines for fresh 
film, or replacement of the complete camera system. Periodically the 
entire spacecraft could be returned to Earth for comprehensive service. 
It is important to note however that at this time there are no camera 
systems currently approved or under development for any type of 
operation in the Space Shuttle. 
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