42 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING, 1976 
indicated in the reports from Canada, 
Romania, and the U.S.A. The utilization of 
non-metric cameras for photogrammetric 
purposes is under study in numerous coun- 
tries, particularly in Austria, Poland, and 
Hungary. The use of non-metric cameras in 
photogrammetric projects has been made pos- 
sible through the utilization of advanced ana- 
lytical data reduction techniques. The de- 
velopment of analytical data reduction tech- 
niques particularly suitable for non-metric 
photography has been reported from most 
countries using or styding the use of such 
cameras in non-topographic photogrammetric 
applications. 
The following quotation is from the Report 
of Dr. W. Faig, Chairman of ISP Working 
Group V/2 (Photogrammetric Potentials of 
Non-Metric Cameras), to the Helsinki Con- 
gress: 
“Concluding, I would like to state that the use 
of non-metric cameras has expanded within the 
past four years and has made an impact in a large 
number of areas where measurements are re- 
quired. The non-metric camera/computer evalu- 
ation combination has reached its fullest poten- 
tial, and accuracies reaching the photogrammet- 
ric noise level have been achieved. It often de- 
pends on the individual project, whether the low 
cost camera/expensive evaluation system or the 
metric approach is more suitable or financially 
advantageous, which leaves the decision to the 
user. Often project arrangements require versa- 
tility and light weight which can only be met by 
non-metric cameras, and with the progress that 
hasbeen made inthe evaluation phase thisoption 
now can be a high precision approach. The 
photogrammetric potentials of non-metric cam- 
eras are indeed very high.” 
It is clear from all reports about the use of 
non-metric cameras for photogrammetric 
purposes that such cameras are regarded as a 
supplement to, rather than replacement of, 
photogrammetric cameras, and thatboth types 
of cameras (metric and non-metric) have an 
important role to play in the wide spectrum of 
photogrammetric data acquisition activities. 
In spite of the ever-increasing flexibility and 
versatility of commercially available terrest- 
rial and close-range photogrammetric cam- 
eras, there are situations in numerous areas of 
applications (and potential applications) of 
non-topographic photogrammetry in which 
the useofmetric cameras cannotbe justified or 
is simply not feasible because of technical, 
environmental, and/or economical con- 
straints. It seems to me thata metric or none" 
stand in such cases is completely unjustified, 
particularly in view of the availability of ways 
and means to effectively handle non-metric 
photography. 
Understandably, there is resistance to this 
non-metric trend from photogrammetric 
equipment manufacturers and from classical 
photogrammetrists in some countries; how- 
ever, all indications are that the non-metric 
tide will continue to rise. The discussions on 
this topic during the sessions of ISP Working 
Group V/2 atthe Helsinki Congress should be 
of great interest! 
The following non-metric multiband cam- 
era system was reported in the American liter- 
ature in 1975. 
Whittlesey Multiband Camera System. 
This 35mm camera system for aerial archeol- 
ogy was introduced in 1975 by the Whittlesey 
Foundation. The system is composed of three 
Rollei 35 cameras, equipped with Zeiss Tes- 
sar 40mm focal length lenses. The film ad- 
vance is motorized and radio-controlled. A 
capacity of three cameras such as for color, 
black/white, and infrared, or for various filter 
combinations, suffices for most archaeologi- 
cal missions. Two cameras in unison will do 
for many missions, and one will satisfy some. 
The system weighs 23 pounds and measures 7 
x 13 x 155 inches. 
X-Ray Photogrammetry. Application of 
X-ray photogrammetry in a wide spectrum of 
bio-medical research and development ef- 
forts was reported from Canada, FRG, France, 
GDR, Sweden, USA, and USSR. Progress has 
been reported from Canada, Sweden, and the 
USA onthe developmentofanalytical systems 
for X-ray photogrammetry and on the refine- 
ment of techniques for X-ray photogrammet- 
ric measurement of the spine, hip, and knee 
joints and in orthodontics and dentistry. 
Investigations on the use of X-ray photo- 
grammetry in metallurgy was reported from 
the USA and USSR. 
Scanning Electron Microscopy. Work on 
the calibration of the geometry of SEM for 
stereophotogrammetric mapping and on the 
development of methodologies for evaluation 
of stereomicrographs has been reported in a 
number of countries including Canada, UK, 
the USA and USSR. 
Optical Contouring Methods. Considera- 
ble research efforts in holography, hologram- 
metry, and Moiré topography are underway in 
a number of countries including Canada, Ja- 
pan, UK, USA, and USSR. No direct applica- 
tionofthese techniques, has been reported, as 
yet, in the literature or by the National Corre- 
spondents of ISP Commission V, but it is uni- 
versally believed that coherent optics have 
the potential to play a number of key roles in a 
wide variety of non-topographic photogram- 
metric systems of the future. 
Data Reduction Equipment. Two instru- 
z—— Conn