72 
are organized in seven commissions, each 
one dealing with a specific area ofthe subject. 
Commission V deals with non-topographical 
applications, which are all applications 
which cannot be classified as topographical 
(Commission IV) or interpretive (Commis- 
sion VII). The Commissions I - III deal with 
questions related to photography, cameras, 
instruments, methods, and theory. This 
would seem to restrict the responsibilities of 
Commission V. The other commissions base 
their work almost entirely on aerial photo- 
graphy, but the non-topographical applica- 
tions are very seldom, if ever, based on pho- 
tography with aerial cameras. On the contrary, 
there is a series of cameras especially de- 
signed for non-topographical photogram- 
metry, as well as a series of plotters and data 
reduction instruments for these cameras. 
Also very often the results of a nontopo- 
graphical photogrammetric measuring proc- 
ess differ considerably from those which are 
common in aerial photogrammetry because 
of the special requirements of the consumer. 
These requirements also necessitate the use 
of cameras that are not specifically designed 
for photogrammetric purposes, and the de- 
velopment of instrumentation, systems, and 
methods for data reduction that are unique to 
the application in question. This means that 
Commission V has the responsibility of treat- 
ing problems related to all phases of non- 
topographical photogrammetry: cameras, 
photography, measuring instruments, theory, 
methods, presentation of results, etc. This 
fact is reflected in the assignments of the 
working groups of Commission V, namely: 
(1) Analytical and Semi-Analytical Ap- 
proaches in Terrestrial, Close-Range, 
and Micro-Range Photogrammetry 
(2) Photogrammetric Potentials of Non- 
metric Cameras 
(3) Metrical Aspects of Non-Conventional 
Imageries—Holographic and Thermal 
Imageries. 
During the Commission V Symposium in 
Washington D.C. in 1974, a revision of the 
title and activities of the Commission was 
discussed. The president of the Commission 
proposed a change from the current wording 
of Non-Topographical Photogrammetry: 
(1) Close-range and micro-range photo- 
grammetry. 
(2) Photogrammetry at extreme distances 
(Applications in Space and Astronomy). 
(3) Photogrammetry of objects in motion 
and under deformation. 
(4) Exploration of non-conventional pho- 
tography, such as holography. 
to the following: 
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING, 1976 
Close-Range Photogrammetry: All aspects 
of close-range and micro-range photo- 
grammetric systems, including data acquis- 
ition, reduction and processing, and with a 
scope encompassing conventional photo- 
graphy (metric and non-metric), and non- 
conventional imageries (holographic, 
thermal, x-ray, television, etc). 
One might ask which of these titles is best. 
Non-topographical excludes terrestrial 
photogrammetry for mapping, while close- 
range excludes other applications when the 
range is limited by a certain distance, for in- 
stance 1000 feet as has been suggested by 
Karara.!4 However, of greater importance 
than the title is the real content, importance, 
and value of the problems treated by the 
Commission. 
CAMERAS AND PHOTOGRAPHY 
Cameras used for close-range photogram- 
metry are divided into two groups, metric and 
non-metric. Karara!4-15 defines a non-metric 
camera as one that has not been designed 
especially for photogrammetric purposes, 
while Faig? has a more technical definition 
that such a camera has an interior orientation 
that is completely or partially unknown and 
frequently unstable. He also proposes a sim- 
pler definition by saying that a non-metric 
camera does not have fiducial marks. He also 
mentions a number of parameters used to de- 
fine the interior orientation which include 
the location ofthe principal point, the princi- 
pal distance or calibrated focal length, radial 
(symmetric) lens distortion, decentering 
(frequently considered in the form of its com- 
ponents, assymmetrical and tangential lens 
distortions), film deformation, and affinity. 
The traditional definition of a metric camera 
having "fixed and constant" interior orienta- 
tion no longer holds, since there have ap- 
peared on the market several focusable cam- 
eras that definitely must be regarded as met- 
ric cameras. Examples are the Zeiss Jena 
UMK and IMK, Officine Galileo Verostat and 
Tecnoster, Sokkisha B-45, V-3, KSK-100, the 
Wild P31, and the Hasselblad MK70 with two 
ofthree lenses focusable. The TMK and SMK 
series from Zeiss Oberkochen now are 
equipped with a set of attachable lenses in 
order to widen the range of camera-to-object 
distance. 
METRIC CAMERAS 
Perhaps the simplest way to classify cam- 
eras as metric or non-metric is by the exist- 
ence of fiducial marks. This holds for the 
tables of metric cameras published by Car- 
bonnell? and supplemented in?, Karara!4