responding to the impact of scientific and technological develop- 
ment. Consequently, very little, if any, formal education was 
then available locally in photogrammetry and the little formal 
education undertaken was at the professional or post-graduate 
level in overseas universities. Training at the technician 
or sub-professional level was in the form of on-the-job 
training usually at the Directorate of Overseas Surveys in the 
United Kingdom or at the Institut Geographique National in France. 
MANPOWER REQUIREMENT 
The increasing tempo of development all over the developing 
countries has made it essential for cartographic services and, 
consequently, photogrammetry services to be provided. Although 
few of the developing countries already have fully equipped 
photogrammetric establishments, others are now acquiring 
photogrammetric plotting instruments in increasing numbers. 
The first essential for these countries is to produce techni- 
cians to operate these photogrammetric plotting instruments. 
These technicians must be trained in large numbers to meet 
the growing needs of the developing countries, The necessary 
training may be cbtained free of charge under technical 
assistance in the developed countries. But the large number 
required cannot all be trained under technical assistance 
and it will be rather expensive to send students in large 
numbers to overseas institutions for training. Apart from 
economic considerations there are also the effects of 
sociological and psychological factors on some students. Some 
of them are emotionally and culturally disturbed, whilst some 
make their permanent homes in the overseas countries and their 
own countries are thus deprived of their newly acquired know- 
ledge. Furthermore, it is advantageous for operators to be 
familiar with the details being interpreted on photographs. 
The training of operators, and other technicians or professionals 
for that matter, should, therefore, take place in institutions 
in the developing countries within easy reach of the students 
and in the environment in which they are familiar. 
There is also the need for instructors in training institutions, 
supervisors in photogrammetric establishments and specialist 
photogrammetrists to deal with problems of research, organisa- 
tion and planning in photogrammetry. They should be relatively 
few in number and, initially, they may be recruited overseas, 
but overseas officers may wish to stay away from their own