Full text: Close-range imaging, long-range vision

  
CALIBRATION OF AN SEM, USING A NANO POSITIONING TILTING TABLE 
AND A MICROSCOPIC CALIBRATION PYRAMID 
Olaf Sinram', Martin Ritter”, S. Kleindiek', A. Schertel’, H. Hohenberg" and J. Albertz" 
? TU Berlin, Photogrammetry and Cartography, D-10623 Berlin, Germany, sinram@fpk.tu-berlin.de 
* HPI Hamburg, Electron Microscopy Group, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany, ritter@hpi.uni-hamburg.de 
* Kleindiek Nanotechnik, D-72770 Reutlingen, Germany 
4 FE] GmbH, D-85622 Feldkirchen-Munich, Germany 
Commission V, WG 2 
KEY WORDS: Adjustment, Calibration, Photogrammetry, Orientation, Bundle, Close Range 
ABSTRACT: 
In this paper we present the calibration of a scanning electron microscope, using a high precision tilting sample stage and a new 
microscopic calibration pyramid. Difficulties when using extrem 
ely high magnifications will be stated and means of solutions are 
presented and evaluated. Since the scanning electron microscope cannot be moved around the object, the object has to be tilted 
instead. By this movement, the object can be seen in several virtual points of view, which is a necessity for any three dimensional 
reconstruction. As for generating the virtual views, the first difficulty encountered is to position the sample into the eucentric axis. 
Only when positioned in the rotation axis, the sample remains within the field of view, instead of being moved outside. Therefore, a 
special tilting table was required, which provided maximum precision and accuracy. Furthermore, an object had to be found, which 
met the requirements of a calibration object. Here, a new microscopic cascade pyramid was developed, supplied with 38 spatially 
distributed control points. Finally, for each tilting series, all desired images were oriented using a bundle block adjustment following 
the rules of parallel projection. In this paper, the mathematics of parallel projection will be an important chapter, pointing out the 
differences to central projection. As a result, the accuracy of the tilting table and the imaging properties of the microscope are 
presented. These properties are used as the basic essential parameters for further evaluation of microscopic images. 
KURZFASSUNG: 
In dieser Arbeit stellen wir die Kalibrierung eines Rasterelektronenmikroskops vor, bei der wir einen kippgenauen Probentisch und 
eine neuartige mikroskopische Stufenpyramide als Kalibrierkórper verwenden. Die Probleme, die sich stellen, wenn man bei extrem 
hohen Vergróferungen arbeitet, sollen aufgezählt und Lösungswege vorgestellt und beurteilt werden. Da das Mikroskop nicht um das 
zu untersuchende Objekt herum bewegt werden kann, muss statt dessen das Objekt gekippt werden um virtuelle Kamerastandpunkte, 
die für jede räumliche Auswertung eine Grundvoraussetzung sind, zu erhalten. Bei der Generierung der virtuellen 
Aufnahmeanordnung durch die Kippung, wird die Schwierigkeit auftreten, die Probe in die euzentrische Achse zu bewegen. Nur 
direkt auf der Rotationsachse liegend, verbleibt die Probe bei de 
r Drehung im extrem kleinen Sichtfeld, anstatt dieses zu verlassen. 
Um diese Anforderungen zu erfüllen, wurde ein hochpräziser und zuverlässig genauer Kipptisch benötigt. Zudem musste ein Objekt 
gefunden werden, welches den Ansprüchen für ein Kalibrierobjekt genügt. Es wurde daher eine Stufenpyramide entwickelt, die mit 
38 räumlich verteilten Passpunkten ausgestattet ist. Schließlich wurden alle ausgewählten Bilder einer Kippserie durch eine 
Bündelblockausgleichung orientiert, die in unserem Falle den Gesetzen der Parallelprojektion folgt. Die Mathematik der 
Parallelprojektion stellt in dieser Arbeit ein wichtiges Kapitel dar, in welchem des weiteren die Unterschiede zur Zentralprojektion 
erklärt werden sollen. Als Ergebnis stellen wir die Genauigkeit des Kipptisches und die Abbildungseigenschaften des Mikroskops 
vor, welche die Ausgangsparameter für jede folgende räumliche Auswertung bilden. 
1. INTRODUCTION 
The surface reconstruction of biological objects is the 
motivation for exploiting the possibilities modern microscopic 
techniques are offering. At the Technical University of Berlin in 
cooperation with the Heinrich-Pette-Institut in Hamburg a 
research project under the title “photogrammetric reconstruction 
of biological surfaces on the basis of SEM Data” is currently 
sponsored by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. 
The reconstruction of real world objects can be achieved in 
various ways. Photogrammetry offers means for non-destructive 
reconstruction since the object, being depicted is not touched. 
The derivation of spatial coordinates is done indirectly through 
the images. This becomes especially interesting, if the sample of 
interest is very sensitive to tactile treatment, or may even suffer 
geometric distortions. 
Cellular biological samples are very small. Only few options 
remain to capture the sample properties. Among others, optical 
microscopy, electron microscopy and AFM are to be mentioned. 
For a brief overview see (Hemmleb, 2001). In this project we 
will explore the properties of SEM images for further 
evaluation. The SEM has always been an interesting approach 
for photogrammetry, since it provides a large depth of focus and 
images can be captured over a wide range of magnification, 
very much in contrast to optical microscopes. Also, the good 
signal to noise ratio makes them a first choice for evaluation. 
Since the data are generated digitally (Koenig et. al., 1987) it is 
a good basis for automation. A brief overview about how SEM 
images are generated will be given in the next chapter (Maune, 
1976). 
—210— 
Ther 
The 
imag 
imag 
are | 
requ 
diffe 
to m 
that 
impl 
matc 
intro 
first 
stan 
Whe 
para 
Ther 
para 
com 
21° 
An 
acce 
elec 
micı 
sam 
calle 
sam 
of S 
posi 
emit 
give 
a ca 
topo 
maii 
the ] 
The 
allo: 
the | 
to-n 
phot 
appl 
elec 
be i 
100! 
will 
2.2 
of v 
posi 
a Wi 
not . 
to ti 
fron 
an | 
unw 
may 
not 
axis 
mo
	        
Waiting...

Note to user

Dear user,

In response to current developments in the web technology used by the Goobi viewer, the software no longer supports your browser.

Please use one of the following browsers to display this page correctly.

Thank you.