DISCUSSION ON PRESENTED PAPERS 117 
Discussion 
Mr W. FISCHER: Thank you, Mr Bousky, for 
a very interesting and stimulating paper. We 
have about five minutes which we can devote 
to discussion from the floor. If time for discus- 
sions runs short it will be continued this after- 
noon in the continuation session. 
I would like to ask Mr Bousky if he feels 
that most of the handicaps to resolutions that 
now exist may be overcome by electronic image 
enhancers, or can this be done entirely by pho- 
tographic means, that is the careful selection of 
the films and photographic conditions to make 
these now uninterpretable images more readily 
interpretable? 
Mr S. Bousky: I am not sure I understand ex- 
actly what you mean. The difficulty with resolu- 
tion testing is merely that it tends to point us 
down an avenue which might not necessarily 
lead to the best future results in the development 
of a photographic system. Electronic methods of 
testing and image enhancement techniques are 
both useful and necessary aids in the inter- 
pretation of detail from photographs. Does that 
cover your point? 
Mr W. FISCHER: Yes, thank you. 
Mr C. G. COLEMAN: Just a brief one from 
the point of view of the practical and immediate 
aspects of this. Mr Bousky, have we to wait 
until a suitable standard is agreed on to improve 
this business, or are there any immediate steps 
that might be taken such as, for example, the 
bolstering of the high contrast target test with 
the low contrast target test, or something of the 
sort? 
Mr S. Bouskv: The use of low contrast test- 
ing, while very useful and while it helps us in 
appraising photographic Systems, is from a 
practical standpoint rather a difficult thing to do. 
It involves certain statistical effects which means 
really that many measurements must be taken 
and averaged in order to get a useful, workable 
number. The electronic methods seem to hold 
more promise in this regard because they tend 
to indicate where things begin to happen more 
rapidly than does resolution testing. 
There are some things being down now to 
attempt to bolster the future standards in pho- 
tography, and I feel that very fruitful progress 
will be made in the very near future in this 
regard. 
Discussion on Invited and Presented Papers 
Mr W. FISCHER: We will now pass on to our 
next speaker, Dr Maruyasu who is in the Civil 
Engineering Department of the University of 
Tokyo. Dr Maruyasu is distinguished by his 
excellent work in colour photography and infra 
red. He will be assisted in the ensuing discussion 
by Dr Ozaki of the Geographical Survey Depart- 
ment. 
It is with pleasure that I introduce Dr 
Maruyasu. 
Dr T. Maruyasu then reads his invited paper: 
“On the Study and A pplication of Infrared 
Aerial Photography”. See after p. 124. 
Professor Maruyasu also talked about a pre- 
Sented paper written by himself which was 
distributed during the Congress: “Experimental 
Studies on Color Aerial Photographs in Japan". 
(Not included in the A rchives) 
Mr W. FISCHER: As you know, Japanese is 
not one of the official languages of the Congress 
and I would like to express my own — and I am 
Sure your — appreciation and admiration to Mr 
Maruyasu for speaking to us in English. 
Are there questions pertaining 
Maruyasu's presentation? 
to Mr 
Archives 6 
Mr D: A. FRANCIS: Could Mr Maruyasu tell 
us whether he had any trouble with static in the 
cameras when they were trying to take aerial 
photographs? 
Mr W. FISCHER: While Mr Maruyasu is con- 
sidering the answer I wish to repeat the announ- 
cement he made: that he has about 100 copies 
of a leaflet on colour photography which he 
would be prepared to distribute to anyone in- 
terested. 
Mr Bousky wishes to comment on this 
question, and I suggest to Mr Francis that he 
might get together with Mr Maruyasu at the 
end of the session. 
Mr S. Bousky: From the standpoint of the 
manufacturers of aerial photographic equipment 
I can say there is often difficulty with electrical 
discharge, if that is what you mean by static in 
a camera. This is a characteristic of the camera 
and a condition of the film, and the speed at 
which the camera operates, rather than a char- 
acteristic of the particular emulsion. Does this 
answer your question? 
at a