Ali, Mahmoud El Nokrashy 
BSC allows the user to read image coordinates, which are the observations, ground coordinates, which can be used as 
control points, predefined camera parameters, approximations of unknown parameters, such as tie-points and exterior 
orientation parameters of camera stations, and distances between object points and perspective centers. The program 
computes the least squares solution of the specified data. The user can constrain certain parameters so that they do not 
change during the adjustment. One obtains as output the residuals of the observations, the precision of the computed 
parameters, and the correlation between the parameters of the interior orientation. 
2- EXPERIMENTAL WORK 
Mobile Mapping System (MMS) is mainly used for highway mapping, consequently, the study area for this research 
was a road inside Assuit University campus, approximately 12 m width, and 100 m length. Camera station positions 
were determined and fixed with 5 cm steel nails. Natural points were selected as control and check points. Their 
coordinates were estimated using a one-second electronic digital theodolite by measuring the two horizontal directions, 
and vertical angle of each point from two ends of a base line of 13.04 m length, in four rounds. 
2.1 Objet-Space Coordinates System 
In establishing the object-space coordinates of both control and check points, a local coordinate system was used. À 
base of 13.04 m was selected perpendicular to the road centerline (to give the same angle of view of the photography), 
near to the camera stations. The left point of the base line was assumed to be the origin, and the X-axes are the base line 
itself. Y-axis is parallel to the plumb line and Z-axes is parallel to the road centerline. 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
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[] Camera stations 
[———— 
  
Fig. 1 - Camera Stations, Check and Control Points. 
  
18 International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXIII, Part B5. Amsterdam 2000. 
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