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1.2 The Role of Photogrammetry in the Project 
Researchers from the Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing at 
HUT have been involved in the FJHP since its first season in 1997. The 
team has both an application and a research task during the project. The aim 
of the application task is to produce a 3-D model and a database from an 
archeological excavation site. The model will be focused during the time 
when excavations are done. The model is produced using various data 
sources like aerial photographs, video imagery, digital camera images, GPS 
and tachymeter measurements. The research task is to develop practical 3-D 
measuring and modeling methods for archeological documentation purposes 
based on video and digital imagery. 
  
In the beginning of the project the lack of detailed maps and the known geo- 
reference system was one of the main problems. Aerial triangulation and Figure 2. The DTM of Jabal Haroun 
creation of DTM from aerial photographs was done in co-operation with and its environment seen from SW. 
HUT, Espoo-Vantaa Institute of Technology (EviTech) and stereo-operator After season 1999, it covers a total 
Juha Kanto from Finnish Consulting Engineers Ltd. EviTech was also area of 3 km’. 
taking part into creation of GPS-network for the project area during season 
1998. (For details, see Koistinen et al, 1999). 
Characteristic for the project is the cumulative data collection during the excavation season and during the years. Both 
the amount of data as well as the level of detail increases. Various data sources like aerial photographs, video imagery, 
digital camera images, GPS, and tachymeter measurements are to be combined to produce the 3-D model. The 
archaeological excavation work is non-repeatable and therefore it is essential to use reliable documentation techniques. 
Although tachymeter is used to provide basic 3-D-coordinates needed during excavation process, the very detailed 
model is more easily achieved using photogrammetry. One interesting subject during the project is to find the correct 
balance between the different documentation methods. 
2 DEVELOPMENT OF DOCUMENTATION METHODS 
During the FJHP various experimental photogrammetric studies has already been carried out. Especially the production 
and use of cocentric video and digital imagery for triangulation and mapping has been under development (Haggrén et 
al, 1999; Mononen et al, 1999; Póntinen, 2000). Examples from the documentation of planar objects, creation and 
utilization of panoramic images as well as the monoscopic approach to digitize surface details are introduced in the 
earlier paper by the research team (Koistinen et al, 1999). The aim is to develop different documentation methods, for 
example, using single or several images or blocks, and recorded either with video or digital cameras. The main idea is to 
replace time-consuming tasks, which have to be done during the excavation season with effective and easy-to-use 
methods, which can partly or fylly be done after the excavation season. The main ideas of the methods are summarized 
here as well as some examples are shown. 
2.1 Documentation of Planar Objects 
Documentation of planar objects is a practical tool, which can be utilized already during fieldwork. Traditional method 
for making accurate drawing of objects in scale can be rather time-consuming task. In case of planar objects, the 
documentation can be done using simple transformations when some reference points or even geometrical conditions 
(the simplest set is four points on the corners of a square) are known. By using these points and two-dimensional 
projective transformations, the images can be rectified “to the floor”. 
In figure 3 is an example of mosaic floor documented using this method. Image processing is done by Mr. Jyrki 
Mononen. The lens distortions were first removed. The digital images were combined using projective transformation 
based on the matching of the gray values of the images. The result is rectified into floor plane using known points. In 
this case, some details of the floor were measured using tachymeter. Alternative processing possibility would have been 
directly rectify the first image into floor plane using known points and then combine the other images using projective 
transformation. To emphasize the use of several images the shades between different images are not adjusted. The parts 
of the image that are not coplanar with the floor are distorted. 
  
International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Vol. XXXIII, Part B5. Amsterdam 2000. 441