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Koistinen, Katri 
Although the tachymeters are in daily use in both the survey and the excavation area, it has to be remembered that the 
amount of points measured during a day is limited. The tachymeter measurements are completed by photogrammetric 
methods. Digital images are taken using both convergent and stereo camera positions. The printed images can directly 
be used to make notes and interpretations during the fieldwork. The result can then be transformed into the model. The 
images of planar objects like walls and floors can be rectified, and image mosaics can be created to cover larger areas. 
The geometry of 3-D model can be complemented using available images, which can modify the existing geometry and 
enrich the details of the model. 
The verification of tachymeter measurements is done daily. However, it can sometimes be difficult to verify what was 
the exact point measured. Much is relied on the experience of the prism-holder to select appropriate point. Experience 
is needed when the interpretation of the object and selection of the meaningful points for the 3-D modelling is done. 
During post-excavation work, even far away from the excavation site, it is possible to utilize collected imagery to verify 
model and add details not measured during excavation work. 
5 CONCLUSIONS 
The close co-operation of archaeologists and photogrammetrists has resulted in achieving an understanding of the needs 
of field archaeology and to visualize the possibilities of photogrammetry and 3-D CAD and GIS systems. Especially the 
fast feedback of the measuring and modelling work seems to be a very effective way. Undoubtedly, the result of this 
cooperation is the development of field methods, which can effectively assist archaeologists in their fieldwork and aid 
them in interpreting the past. 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
I am grateful to the whole Finnish Jabal Haroun Project team. The close co-operation between archaeologists, architects 
and engineers has opened my eyes to see many possibilities where photogrammetry can provide useful tools for the use 
of archaeology. I also would like to thank Petteri Póntinen, Jyrki Mononen and Henrik Haggrén for their support during 
the preparation of this paper. 
REFERENCES 
Finnish Jabal Haroun Project homepage, http://foto.hut.fi/research/projects/FJHP/ (31 March 2000) 
Frósén J., Fiema Z.T., Lavento M., Koistinen K., and Holmgren R., 1999. The 1998 Finnish Jabal Harün Project. 
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Frósén J., Fiema Z.T., Haggrén H., Koistinen K., Lavento M., and Peterman G.,1998. The Finnish Jabal Harün Project. 
Report on the 1997 Season. Annual of the Department of Antiquities, Vol. 42, Amman, pp.483-502. 
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63-68. 
Koistinen, K., 1998. 3-D Jabal Haroun - Three-dimensional measurements and Modelling for Archaeological Project. 
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