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For a 
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IAPRS & SIS, Vol.34, Part 7, “Resource and Environmental Monitoring”, Hyderabad, India, 2002 
The above mentioned failure mechanisms are those, which have 
external effects that can be evaluated by using the remote 
sensing. The changes in the conditions of dikes (such as 
moisture) that can cause failure are also noted. 
For the application of remote sensing for dike systems 
distinction is made between safety testing (normal loading), 
flood and after flood (maintenance and management 
monitoring). Therefore, based on characteristics of various 
failure mechanisms that can be distinguished for typical dike 
monitoring). Therefore, based on characteristics of various 
failure mechanisms that can be distinguished for typical dike 
cross section, table 1 is made. This table shows the proxies that 
indicate the failure mechanisms and remote sensing is able to 
2.1 Seepage 
In case of a high outer water level and a much lower controlled 
water level in the enclosed area, the differential water head 
causes a water flow through the permeable layers under the 
dike. This water can lift soil layers at some distance behind the 
dike. This is called seepage (Fig. 2 and 3). 
This phenomenon is different from piping because it can not 
occur when there's piping. It was realised that it would be 
possible to control this phenomenon by allowing seepage at 
selected distances from the river 
recognise them. In this paper only the seepage will be studied. 
  
Loading conditions 
  
  
  
Normal Flood After flood 
Proxies (Safety testing) ( Maintenance & 
Management ) 
1- Crest height 1- Crest height 1- Deformations 
Overflowing 2- Elevation of water § 2- Flooded area 
3-Vegetation 
  
Wave overtopping 
1- Crest height 
1- Crest height 
3- Deformations 
2- Elevation of water 
1- Deformations 
2- Flooded area 
3-Vegetation 
  
Sliding inner slope 
1-Deformation 
2-Moisture 
3-Heat 
4-Vegetation 
1-Deformation 
2-Moisture 
3-Heat 
4-Vegetation 
1-Deformation 
2-Moisture 
3-Heat 
4-Vegetation 
  
Sliding outer slope 
1-Deformation 
2-Moisture 
3-Heat 
4-Vegetation 
1-Deformation 
1 2-Moisture 
3-Heat 
4-Vegetation 
1-Deformation 
2-Moisture 
3-Heat 
4-Vegetation 
  
1-Deformation 
1-Deformation 
1-Deformation 
  
  
2 Piping 2-Moisture 2-Moisture 2-Moisture 
= 3-Heat 3-Heat 3-Heat 
= 4-Flooded area 4-Flooded area 4-Flooded area 
D 1-Moisture 1-Moisture 1-Moisture 
D Seepage 2-Heat 2-Heat 2-Heat 
3 3-Flooded area 3-Flooded area 3-Flooded area 
P 
Settlement 1-Deformation 1-Deformation 1-Deformation 
  
Erosion outer slope 
1-Deformation 
2-Vegetation 
1-Deformation 
2-Vegetation 
1-Deformation 
2-Vegetation 
  
Erosion inner slop 
1-Deformation 
2-Vegetation 
1-Deformation 
2-Vegetation 
1-Deformation 
2-Vegetation 
  
Erosion foreland 
1-Deformation 
2-Vegetation 
1-Deformation 
2-Vegetation 
1-Deformation 
2-Vegetation 
  
Liquefaction 
1-Deformation 
1-Deformation 
1-Deformation 
  
  
  
  
2-Moisture 2- Moisture 
1- Deformation 1- Deformation 1- Deformation 
Animals 2- Moisture 2- Moisture 2- Moisture 
3- Heat 3- Heat 3- Heat 
  
  
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