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International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B1. Istanbul 2004 
     
  
&. Satellite Trianqulation Results 
  
Summary Statistics | Photo Statistics | Object Statistics | Point Statistics 
  
  
Parameter | A | Y { Z | AY 
RMS Control 0.585 0.437 0.472 0.517 
RMS Check 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 
RMS Limits 0.001 0.001 0.001 
   
     
Mean Std Dev 033€ 0.401 
Max Residual 1.285 0.382 1:55 
Fiesidual Limits 0.001 0.001 0.001 
RMS Image 0.2 0.2 
  
«| |] 
n Current Count — — 
Control Points: 14 
| Check Points: 0 
| Photos Used: 4 
Observations: 21 
| Solution outside of AMS tolerance, 
| Solution outside of residual tolerance. 
Rep Stalislics ———— — 
Sigma: 0.8 
Number of iterations: 2 
Degrees of Freedom: 42 
= Project Setings — — — 0 0] 
| Linear Units: Meters 
| Angular Units: Degrees 
  
  
Options... Control... | Groups... | Reports... | 
  
  
Apply | Reset | ak | Cancel Halp 
  
  
  
Figure 3: Satellite Triangulation Dialog 
RPCs will be calculated for all photos in the block. The user 
may also exit the Satellite Triangulation dialog without 
accepting the results or calculating new photo RPCs. Using the 
Multiphoto and Satellite Triangulation commands, the user can 
withhold, delete, re-measure, or add points as needed until 
satisfactory results are obtained. 
4. EXPERIENCES 
Single images or stereo models can be oriented without 
problems. Satellite orientation information has achieved a high 
level of accuracy, but in most cases it must still be improved 
upon through the use of ground control points. The orientation 
of CARTERRA Geo (IKONOS) scenes uses RPCs distributed 
by Space Imaging and improves upon them by an affine 
transformation applied to the image coordinates of control 
points. The number of transformation unknowns can be 
changed, so it is possible to reduce the transformation to a shift 
in X and Y. 
In several cases a simple shift is completely sufficient (see 
Büyüksalih et al 2004), so in theory just one control point 
would be enough. Of course, overdetermination of the system 
is required to produce reliable results. An advantage of satellite 
triangulation is the combination of several images. Blocks of 
satellite images can be handled similarly to aerial photos. In 
Madani 1999 the handling of a block of 12 SPOT scenes is 
described in detail. By using tie points, the number of ground 
control points can be reduced. 
Internal handling of space images by means of rational 
polynomial functions makes it quite easy to handle images with 
special geometric relationships. Only the mathematical model 
for the orientation has to be changed. The use of rational 
polynomial functions during model handling does not result in 
any loss of accuracy compared to the use of a rigorous 
mathematical model. 
s, DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS 
  
   
   
  
   
   
    
      
    
    
   
   
  
  
   
    
  
  
  
  
  
   
   
  
   
  
  
   
   
  
  
  
  
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
    
  
Figure 4: 
Above - DSM determined by matching of IKONOS images 
Below — DSM filtered to DEM