International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV. Part Bl. Istanbul 2004 
  
also by the atmospheric conditions. An edge analysis was 
leading to a point spread function corresponding to a pixel size 
of 7.5m. In relation to this effective pixel size the orientation 
with 8 unknowns (affinity view directions) but also with just 
3 unknowns (shift in X and Y + nadir angle) is corresponding to 
|.1 pixels. An adjustment with just the two shift parameters is 
leading to root mean square differences of 1.3 pixels. 
3.5 KVR-1000 
  
RMSX RMSZ 
  
CORIKON $8 unknowns (affine + 10.26 m 11.49 m 
view direction) 
  
CORIKON 6 unknowns (affine) 10.42 m 10.77 m 
  
CORIKON 4 unknowns (shift X.Y, 10.26 m 12.55m 
affine 3 and 6) 
  
CORIKON 2 unknowns (shift X, Y) 14.81 m 17.10 m 
  
  
  
  
Table 6. root mean square discrepancies at 44 control points 
from map 1: 50 000 of KVR-1000 pixel size=1.6m 
  
  
The panoramic KVR-1000-photos are distributed as original 
copies but also as digital images projected to the ground. For 
this scene only control points digitised from topographic maps 
have been available, so not the quality of the KVR-1000, but 
the control point quality has been checked. An improvement of 
the view direction was not necessary, but beside the shift in X 
and Y also a small rotation, covered by the affinity parameters 3 
and 6 was available. 
Like with the IRS-1C an edge analysis did not confirm the 
available pixel size of 1.6m. The image quality corresponds to a 
pixel size of 2.2m but nevertheless this is quite below the 
achieved accuracy reached with the control points digitised 
from the map. 
4. CONCLUSION 
It has been shown that a reconstruction of the imaging 
geometry, like used in the Hannover program CORIKON, is 
able to solve the orientation of satellite images rectified to a 
plane with constant height or a very course DEM. These images 
traditionally are named also as level 1B images, but for 
IKONOS it is named CARTERRA Geo and for QuickBird 
OrthoReady. In general an accuracy of 1 pixel or even better 
can be reached under operational conditions if the control point 
accuracy and definition is sufficient. 
The orientation unknowns should be checked for significance 
and correlation to avoid problems with not optimal distributed 
control points. This is possible with a first adjustment using all 
8 unknowns (6 affine parameters, nadir angle and azimuth of 
the view direction in relation to the scene scentre) if at least 4 
control points are available. Based on the result of the first 
adjustment, the not required unknowns should be taken out of 
the solution. For the view direction this should be done 
automatically by the program to avoid problems with an 
extrapolation out of the three dimensional area of control 
points. The final orientation can be made with only few 
unknowns; in some cases a shift in X and Y of the terrain 
corrected data is sufficient. The orientation of course is only the 
first step of the data handling, the determined orientation 
parameters have to be used in a corresponding orthoimage 
module and a module for the calculation of three dimensional 
ground coordinates of stereo scenes. 
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
Parts of the presented results have been supported by 
TUBITAK, Turkey and the Jülich Research Centre, Germany. 
Thanks are going to Dr. R. Passini, BAE ADR, Pennsauken, NJ 
for the support with data and the data acquisition and also to Dr. 
K. Eren, Geotech Group, Riyadh for the data sets in Saudi 
Arabia. 
REFERENCES 
Büyüksalih, G., Kocak, M.G., Oruc, M.*, Akcin, H., Jacobsen, 
K, 2003: Handling of IKONOS-images from Orientation up to 
DEM Generation, Joint Workshop “High Resolution Mapping 
from Space 2003”, Hannover 2003 
Dial, G., Grodecki, J., 2002: IKONOS Accuracy without 
Ground Control, Pecora 15 / Land Satellite Information IV / 
ISPRS Com. 1, Denver 2002, on CD 
Grodecki, J., 2001: IKONOS Stereo Feature Extraction — RPC 
Approach, ASPRS annual conference St. Louis, 2001, on CD 
Hanley, H.B., Yamakawa. T., Fraser, C.S, 2002: Sensor 
Orientation for High Resolution Imagery, Pecora 15 / Land 
Satellite Information IV / ISPRS Com. I, Denver 2002, on CD 
Hanley, H.B., 2003: High-Resolution Satellite Imaging for 
Geospatial Information Collection, PhD-thesis, The University 
of Melbourne, 2003 
Jacobsen, K., 2002: Mapping with IKONOS images, EARSeL, 
Prag 2002“Geoinformation for European-wide Integration” 
Millpress ISBN 90-77017-71-2, pp 149 - 156 
Jacobsen, K, 2003 a: Orthoimages and DEMs by QuickBird and 
IKONOS, EARSeL Ghent 2003, Remote Sensing in Transition, 
Millpress ISBN 90-77017-71-2, pp 513 — 525 
Jacobsen, K., 2003 b: Geometric Potential of IKONOS- and 
QuickBird-Images, in D. Fritsch (Ed.) Photogrammetric Weeks 
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GIS Geo-Informations-Systeme 9/2003, pp33 — 39 
Passini, R., Jacobsen, K, 2004: Accuracy Analysis of Digital 
Orthophotos from Very High Resolution. Imagery, ISPRS 
congress Istanbul, 2004 
Toutin, T., 2001: Geometric processing of Ikonos Geo images 
with DEM. Proc. Joint ISPRS Workshop "High Resolution 
Mapping from Space 2001", Hannover, 19-21 September, on 
CD 
     
  
  
  
     
     
   
   
    
    
  
    
    
    
   
    
   
    
    
    
   
  
   
    
   
    
    
   
    
  
   
   
   
    
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
    
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