International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part Bl. Istanbul 2004
Figure 4. LGCPs and correlation algorithm via JTC.
3.2.3 Onboard Geocoding
After the image orientation parameters are determined via the
algorithms/methods that we have discussed so far, the
geocoding of each satellite image scene still will consist of the
following steps: (1) determination of the size of the geocoded
image; (2) transformation of pixel locations from the original
image to the resulting (geocoded) image; and (3) resampling of
the original image pixels into the geocoded image for
assignment of gray values. The whole processing procedure of
geocoding of satellite images contains from the determination
of the sensor's exterior orientation parameters to the
transformation of the original imagery to the geocoded product.
The software and algorithms of geocoding, except onboard
EOP determination, have been developed by Zhou (2002). The
future investigation of this proposed project will be migrating
these algorithms to onboard satellite platform with special
consideration of the onboard processing environments, e.g.,
limited storage space and power.
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS
The present paper provides the concept design and the
architecture of a future intelligent earth observing satellite
(FIEOS) system. The proposed system is a space-based
architecture for the dynamic and comprehensive on-board
integration of Earth observing sensors, data processors and
communication systems. The architecture and implementation
strategies suggest a seamless integration of diverse components
into a smart, adaptable and robust Earth observation satellite
system. It is intended to enable simultaneous global
measurements and timely analyses of the Earth's environment
for a variety of users. Common users would directly access
data in a manner similar to selecting a TV channel. The
imagery viewed would most likely be obtained directly from
the satellite system.
To this end, real-time information systems are key to solving
the challenges associated with this architecture. Realization of
such a technologically complex system will require the
contributions of scientists and engineers from many disciplines.
Hopefully, this revolutionary concept will dramatically impact
how earth observing satellite technology develop and conduct
missions in the future.
Since the spatial information sciences are maturing, it is time to
'simplify' our technologies, so that more users can directly
obtain information from satellites. The future is promising for
the photogrammetry/remote sensing/GIS communities. A
thorough feasibility study addressing the key technologies of
each of the components, the necessity, possibilities, benefits
and issues, and exploration of specific funding opportunities for
implementation will be performed in Phase II of our
investigation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This project was partially funded by the NASA Institute of
Advanced Concepts (NIAC), under contract number NASS-
98051. We would like to thank all those people who were kind
enough to discuss a number of topics that were crucial to
complete this work. We are grateful to those satellite
development scientists who have provided us with helpful
advice, encouragement and relevant materials.
REFERENCES
Alkalai, L, 2001. An Overview of Flight Computer
Technologies for Future NASA Space Exploration Missions,
3rd IAA Symposium on Small Satellites for Earth Observation,
April 2 - 6, Berlin, Germany.
Armbruster, P. and W. Wijmans, 2000. Reconfigurable on-
board payload data processing system developments at the
European Space Agency, ESA-presentation at SPIE 2000,
Volume 4132-12.
Bisnath S.B. and R.B. Langley, 2001. Precise Orbit
Determination of Low Earth Orbiters with GPS Point
Positioning. Proceedings of ION National Technical Meeting,
January 22-24, 2001, Long Beach, CA.
Davis, C. O., D. Horan, M. Corson, 2000. On-orbit calibration
of the Naval EarthMap Observer (NEMO) Coastal Ocean
Imaging Spectrometer (COIS), Proceedings of SPIE. Vol.
4132.
Gill, E., O. Montenbruck, H. Kayal and K. Briess, 2001.
Combined Space-Ground Autonomy for the BIRD Small
Satellite Mission; IAA-B3-0505P; 3rd IAA Symposium on
Small Satellites for Earth Observation, April 2-6, Berlin.
Janschek, K., et. al., 2000. Hybrid Optoelectronic Information
System for the satellite coordinates determination, Proceedings
of the workshop on Computer Science and Information
Technologies. CSIT's 2000, Ufa, RUSSIA.
NASA Earth Science Vision Initiative,
http://staac.gsfc.nasa.gov/esv.htm.
Oertel, D., B. Zhukov, H. Jahn, K. Briess and E. Lorenz, 1998.
Space-borne autonomous on-board recognition of high
temperature events, 7n. IDNDR Conference on Early Warning
System for the Reduction of Natural Disasters, Potsdam,
Germany, 7-11 September.
Prescott G., S. A. Smith and K. Moe, 1999, Real-Time
Information System Technology Challenges for NASA's Earth
Science Enterprise. The Ist International Workshop on Real-
Time Mission-Critical Systems: Grand Challenge Problems.
November 30; Phoenix, Arizona.
Ramachandran, R., H.T. Conover, S.J. Graves, K. Keiser, C.
Pearson and J. Rushing, 1999. A Next Generation Information
System for Earth Science Data, The Int. Symposium on Optical
Science, Engineering and Instrumentation, Denver, Colorado.
Schoeberl, M., J. Bristow and C. Raymond, 2001. Intelligent
Distributed Spacecraft Infrastructure, Earth Science Enterprise
Technology Planning Workshop, 23-24 January.
Zhou, G., et al., 2004. Concept design of future intelligent
observing satellites, International Journal of Remote Sensing
(in press).
Zhou, G. K. Jezek, W. Wright, J. Rand and J. Granger,
Orthorectifying 1960’s unclassified intelligence satellite
photography (DISP) of Greenland, [EEE Geoscience and
Remote Sensing, vol. 40, no. 6, 2002, pp. 1247-1259.
Zhou, G. and R. Li, 2000. Accuracy evaluation of ground
points from high-resolution satellite imagery IKONOS,
Photogrammetry Engineering & Remote Sensing, vol. 66, no. 9,
pp. 1103-1112.
KEY \
ABST
There
useful
spectre
and th
applic:
reactiv
compl
techno
partici
econoi
region
ash. 7
provid
areas.
provid
emerg
and pr
for the
Since
more
scienc
platfor
technc
since
satelli
shift |
conve
the jo
availa
Either
instrui
const
- T
- I
Tradit
(NAS
such
(NOA
