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International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B1. Istanbul 2004 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
"one-step" O9 RMS AGCPs RMS NGCPs 
with 1 GCP [um] [-. (m). «| o (em) 
NA LEN 2 
11 strips 94 5211091104133 | 27 (121 
4 cross strips | 98 | 52 |109|164| 81 | 8.7 1248 
2 strips 100) 53 (109 1653183157 12 
  
  
  
  
  
  
Table 10 - RMS on the artificial (119) and natural (45) GCP for 
the calibration parameters estimated with one-step 
and 1 GCP only. 
4. CONCLUSION 
The preliminary results of two calibration methods for 
IMU/GPS systems applied to a 1:8000 block flown over the 
testfield of Pavia have been presented. Although it should be 
stressed that analysis of the large amount of data collected in 
the framework of the national research project COFIN 2002 is 
just at the beginning, the advantages of one-step method already 
emerged in other test seem to be confirmed and stand on a 
minimal control on the ground and on an equivalent if not better 
accuracy compare to the two-steps method. As far as the refined 
model for the two-steps method, we could not verify yet any 
improvement (nor we found biases in the one-step solution). We 
hope to get soon more detail on the GPS solution to possibly 
adjust to the actual values at least of the variances of GPS 
positions, which may be misjudged (see the systematic 
discrepancies on the horizontal components at the check points) 
and to extend the analysis to the other blocks to find out 
whether these conclusions get more support or not. 
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Acknowledgements 
This work has been financed in the framework of the National 
Research Program COFIN 2002 by the Ministry of the 
University and Scientific Research of Italy. Thanks go to proff. 
Galetto e Casella of the Pavia University for coordinating the 
project and making available the reference coordinates of the 
GCP. Compagnia Generale Ripreseaeree di Parma (Italy) is 
acknowledged for processing and providing image and 
IMU/GPS data.