International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part Bl. Istanbul 2004 
  
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Figure 9: Radial symmetric distortion parameter A; with 
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settings (zoom 2x). 
4 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK 
We investigated the interior orientation of consumer cam- 
eras with respect to photogrammetric applicability. Time 
variations are in the order of 5-times the achievable pre- 
cision, as long as no zoom is used. Interpolation of pa- 
rameters appears not to be possible in general, especially 
concerning zoom and resolution. Therefore individual cal- 
ibration is required, in case the camera parameters (zoom, 
focus, resolution) can be held fix, and high accuracy re- 
quirements are to be faced. Some cameras, e. g. the HP 
Photo Smart 435, shows very small and stable distortions, 
which also over longer times seem to guarantee accuracies 
below 0.5 pixels. 
This investigation needs to be extended: (1) fixed focus 
cameras in mobile phones, (2) more flexible distortion mod- 
els, such as finite elements, (Tecklenburg et al., 2001) and 
(3) the time stability of non-linear distortions. The Matlab 
public domain software for camera calibration also needs 
further attention, posssibly extensions guaranteeing higher 
precision, and providing higher automation. 
Alltogether, consumer cameras under certain, limited ac- 
curacy requirements very well can be used for photogram- 
metric purposes. 
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