International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B2. Istanbul 2004
vehicle navigation and tracking, and mobile mapping
(Kaasinen, 2003; Montoya, 2003; Nusser et al, 2003;
Varshney, 2003; Grejner-Brzezinska et al., 2004). Most of these
applications have adopted Pocket PCs, PDAs, or handheld PCs
as mobile computer devices through the installation of existing
mobile GIS software such as Autodesk's OnSite, Intergraph's
Intelli Where, ESRI's ArcPad, and MapInfo’s miAware and
MapXtend software packages. À wireless connection requires
the use of either a wireless PC card attached to the PDA or a
connection between the PDA and a cell phone.
DATUM: D.0 LW.D.=569.2 FT. PREPARED BY
NEW ARMOR STOHE
(LG. UD)
EXISTING SITE PLAN REVETMEHT
ADJACENT PROPERTY
OWNERS:
HUROM, OM 44838
2
SHEET 2 OF 4 | 9/28/98
Figure 1. Blueprint of a Shore Structure.
The development of mobile GIS has been stimulated by the
increasing demand for up-to-date geospatial information, along
with improvements in mobile hardware performance and
wireless network bandwidth (Maguire, 2001). As one of the
driving forces behind mobile GIS, wireless networks can be
divided into two broad classes, short range and long range,
based on differences in the coverage area (Mallick, 2003).
Long-range networks span large spaces such as a metropolitan
area, a state, or an entire nation. Connectivity is typically
provided by wireless service companies. The most commonly
found long-range network is the Wireless Wide Area Network
(WWAN). For data-intensive applications such as GIS, high-
speed data transfer is required. The second-and-a-half
generation (2.5G) networks provide the possibilities of a mobile
Internet with high-speed data transfer at a rate of up to 144
Kbps. With 2.5G networks, multimedia capabilities have
become possible. Two of the leading 2.5G network protocols
are GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) and CDMA2000 Ix
(Code Division Multiple Access 2000 1x). In late 2001, the first
third-generation (3G) network was implemented in Europe and
Japan on a trial basis. These 3G systems provide broadband
data transfer at a rate from 144 Kbps to 2 Mbps along with
enhanced services such as streaming video applications,
multimedia messaging services, and location-based services.
GIS technology has demonstrated unprecedented advantages in
coastal management as well as other applications (Li et al,
1998). The latest advances in mobile GIS have come most
notably with the support of the Internet. Access to spatial data
over the Internet is growing rapidly, and web-based GIS are
becoming more and more prevalent. Commercial software
D
packages such as ArcIMS are now available for the
construction of web-based GIS systems, providing effective
tools for querying spatial and attribute data, displaying maps,
and performing limited spatial analysis tasks. With the support
of HTML ActiveX Server Page (ASP) web-design techniques,
mobile devices such as PDAs are able to access specially
designed web-based GIS systems through wireless connections
to fulfill spatial analysis capabilities.
Despite the above developments, most web-based GIS systems
have limited analysis functions. Analytical tools are essential
for many comprehensive GIS applications, especially in rapidly
changing coastal areas. Furthermore, mobile GIS systems that
are capable of supporting decision-making processes are highly
desirable. This paper presents the development of a mobile
wireless GIS system to support coastal management and
decision making.
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Figure 2 shows the system architecture of this spatial decision-
making system. The system consists of three components: a
shoreline erosion awareness subsystem, a coastal structure
permit subsystem, and an on-site mobile spatial subsystem.
Based on historic shorelines, future shorelines are predicted and
published in the shoreline erosion awareness subsystem using a
shoreline prediction model (Ali, 2003). In this web-based GIS
system, historic and predicted shorelines are organized on top
of parcel maps. Coastal residents will be able to access this
subsystem from their homes through the Internet and be able to
view the current and future status of shoreline erosion,
including its impact on their properties. This will allow coastal
residents to inquire about coastal erosion conditions in an
extended vicinity of their. area, enabling them to take a
proactive approach for structure protection.
For those landowners who decide to build shore structures
protecting their properties, the coastal structure permit
subsystem can be used to submit construction applications
online. Then, state officials of ODNR will be able to review
these applications, examine site conditions, evaluate approval
criteria, and make objective decisions. With the support of
mobile wireless communications, an on-site mobile spatial
subsystem will provide officials with an effective tool for
coastal site data collection, data transfer, and real-time database
updates. A portable GPS receiver is attached to a PDA to
collect GPS positioning data. Connection to a cell phone
provides the PDA with wireless Internet connection. A
specially designed, web-based, mobile spatial software system
is implemented that helps officials conduct on site inspections.
The coastal structure permit subsystem is a web-based
decision-making system. Coastal residents can also use this
system to track their application status. This system provides
government agencies with tools for managing the application
database as well as evaluating plans and specifications for
proposed erosion control structures. High-resolution satellite
orthoimages and DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data are
utilized to perform 3D visualization of the structure in a virtual
environment, which may save a trip to the actual site. The
implementation of the system will significantly reduce costs for
such on-site inspections and enhance capabilities for making
efficient coastal management decisions.
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