International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV. Part B2. Istanbul 2004 
  
  
applied effectively. It means that such fragments must 
be smooth enough and be free from vegetation, 
buildings, etc. 
- The aim of the next operation is the transfer of the 
selected "favourable" fragments (their mathematical 
representation) to the coordinate system of each aerial 
photo taking into account their visibility (these 
fragments may be shielded by terrain features or on- 
ground objects). 
- Using only selected "favourable" fragments (more 
accurate, their projections onto the photo plans) the 
stereo model is produced, which now is free from 
miscorrelation. Of course, such a model is not full, 
because it is made up from fragments. But this is not 
a problem with this real-time mapping approach, 
because the created model has onlv auxiliary meaning 
unlike the traditional stereotopography method. 
- . After that the model produced during the previous 
stages is finally orientated relatively laser-derived 
DTM, that corresponds to its orientation in geodetic 
space. Naturally, the orientation. of each frame is 
carried out also. 
GPS principal point coordinates for each photo strictly 
determine the stereo pair position in space with only one 
degree of freedom - angle of turning around survey basis 
vector. So, the final true stereo model orientation in relation 
to DTM may be done by minimising spatial misalignment 
function for both laser-derived and photogrammetrical 
terrain surfaces. This can be done using R.M.S. method, for 
example. 
The described method is just a technological basis for 
Geokosmos’ activity in all parts of the world for 
miscellaneous application. In addition to topography survey 
and DTM making which are definitely the main lines of the 
both companies’ activity, there are some other important 
applications where this technology is successtully used. 
These include: 
- Power lines inspec 
- GIS and land use s 
- Forestry; 
- . Coastal mapping and monitoring; 
- Avalanche and flood prediction; 
For more relevant information see the articles listed at the 
end of this paper and also the Internet sites of both 
companies. 
tion; 
ystems; 
9. CONCLUSIONS 
The technology of real-time mapping was originally 
introduced by Geokosmos and successfully tested in 
different aerial survey projects all over the world. This 
technology is commercially available for customers, it is 
based on Geokosmos proprietary software and hardware 
products and is permanently updated to enhance its 
effectiveness. The technology proved its applicability for 
wide range of topography and non-topography applications 
where it can be used instead of combining traditional 
photogrammetrical and geodetic methods. 
References from Journals: 
Medvedev E., 2002. Simultaneous recording of LiDAR and 
aerial imagery", GIM international, January, #1, Volume 
16, p.12. 
References from Other Literature: 
Danilin L, E. Medvedev, T. Sweda, "Use of Airborne Laser 
Terrain Mapping System for Forest Inventory in Siberia", 
180 
Proceedings of the Ist International precision forestry 
cooperative symposium, Seattle, WA.,U.S.A., p.67. 
Medvedev E. 2000. Digital automatic orthophoto 
production with laser locator and aerial photography data", 
ISPRS WG VI/3 andIV/3 Workshop, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 
February. 
Medvedev E., 2001. Automatic calibration. procedure for 
laser scanning systems, In Proc. 5th International Airborne 
Remote 
Sensing Conference and Exhibition, San-Francisco, CA, 
U.S.A. 
Medvedev E., 2001. Combining laser scanner and digital 
photography data for automation of orthophotomap 
production, In. Proc., 5th International. Airborne. Remote 
Sensing Conference and Exhibition, San-Francisco, CA, 
U.S.A. 
Medvedev E., Kapralova E., Danilin I., 2000. Laser locator 
methods for forest structure analyses, In Proc. 3rd 
International Conference on geospatial information in 
agriculture and forestry, Denver, CO, U.S.A. 
Medvedev E. Vagners D… 2004. Practical use of 
Geokosmos real-time Cartography technologies based on 
Optech's Airborne Laser Terrain Mapping System, In Proc. 
of annual international conference Map-India, New-Delhi. 
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