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International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B2. Istanbul 2004 
data that were linked by the operator were stored in Ms Access. 
The features, which were entered by operator, arc listed below. 
- Maintenance period 
- Maintenance type 
- Maintenance date 
- Length of pipe 
- . Slope of pipe 
- Type of pipe 
- Diameter of pipe 
- Type of facility (underground water or storm water) 
- . Code of pipeline 
After creating all the graphic features and the data, the delivery 
was made in the Intergraph Geomedia 4 format. The Geomedia 
file was created with geocoding of the database. Figure 9a-d 
show some examples about the final GIS delivery. 
SURVEYING THE MANHOLES BY REAL TIME 
KINEMATIC AND TEST RESULTS FOR THE RTK IN 
RIYADH 
The principles of real time kinematic (RTK) GPS is similar to 
the relative static positioning GPS. The main difference 
between these methods is RTK uses real time results using 
radio communications. By using RTK it is possible to obtain cm 
level precision in position. RTK system uses different hardware 
than static/fast static techniques, such as 
e One radio modem to broadcast the measurements to 
the rover that calculated in the base station, 
®* Another radio modem with rover to receive the radio 
signals, 
* A control unit (PSION) to operate the software about 
RTK systems for accessing all information of points. 
Hardware list of RTK that we used in the base station are listed 
below. 
e GPS receiver (Z Extreme, Z Surveyor) 
* GPS Antenna 
* GPS Receiver & GPS Antenna link cable 
* Radio Antenna 
* Antenna lock 
* Radio Modem (SATEL) 
* Radio Modem & Radio Antenna link cable 
* External Battery to be used for radio modem 
* Radio Modem & GPS Receiver link cable 
* Controlling Unit (PSION) 
* Controlling Unit & GPS Receiver link cable 
e Stander holder & trible 
® Antenna Stander & lock 
Hardware list that we used by our survey crews are listed 
below. 
e. GPS Receiver 
e GPS Antenna 
e GPS Receiver & GPS Antenna link cable 
e Radio modem (SATEL) 
* Radio Antenna & GPS link cable 
* Controlling Unit & GPS Receiver link cable 
Test results for the RTK survey in Riyadh for storm water 
manholes and catchbasin are explained below. Crew has started 
to observe the manholes in Jazerah Region, which has not been 
any manhole observed before. A base station has been used, 
which has been determined and observed before. Work has 
been carried on from 8.00 AM till 12.00 PM and approximately 
110 manholes and catch basins have been observed by one 
survey team using RTK with no signal loose. In the second 
period of work, which has been started at 13.30 PM, a lot of 
signal loose has been detected that continues all workday. The 
total number of the observed points decreased and it was appr. 
30 for this period is 30 according to the satellite positions. 
RESULTS 
The establishment of graphical and non-graphical database 
constitutes the most significant component of any GIS attempt, 
as much as 90-95% of the total investment. Saudi Arabia is a 
dynamic country with rapid structural changes in urban and 
rural areas. There are, however, very few basemaps or high- 
resolution images available to reflect these rapid changes. 
Besides, local survey, mapping and subdivision activities lack 
any acceptable standard and format. Small scale maps of Saudi 
Arabia (1/50,000 and smaller) have been produced by Ministry 
of Petroleum 10-30 years ago. These maps have not been 
updated afterwards. As to the large scale maps, they are 
produced by Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs 
(MOMRA)., under the contracts ranging from P101 (mapping 
project belonging to the Western Saudi Arabia) to P116 (Riyadh 
mapping). However, unfortunately these maps are also rather 
old (as old as 25 years), the last project of P116 photographed 
in 1995. They are, therefore, far from representing a great part 
of urban, even rural areas. Each of MOMRA photogrammetric