International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B2. Istanbul 2004 
  
2.2.8 Military Geographic Information & 
Documentation (MGID). When MGID is provided as a 
map overprint, such as a Training Area or Roads & 
Bridges (R&B) map, then the product concerned is 
normally designated in the same manner as the base map. 
Other MGID, such as the toponymic information in a 
Gazetteer, is only available in book form. However, 
some critical MGID, such Digital Terrain Elevation Data 
(DTED), has no "hard copy" equivalent and, although 
standardized in format, currently remain non-designated. 
  
Figure 5. Map overprints (Roads & boundaries) 
2.3 The Uses of GIS in Military; 
There are many different uses of GIS in military. Some 
of them are; 
2.3.1 Command, Control, Communication, 
Information Operations and Intelligence Systems; the 
entire map data mentioned above are used for various 
purposes and functional applications subsystems at 
military CCIS systems. All of those systems somehow 
depend on the positioning and so map background with 
analysis tools that is GIS. 
2.3.3 Unit/Troop Tracking Systems (GPS); The 
units, organizations and even troops are tracked via GPS 
embedded equipment on the different levels of maps. 
2.3.3 Intelligence and Operations systems; Small 
quantities of maps and charts are required to support the 
collection of military intelligence. The primary 
requirement, for collation of such military information, is 
that the maps be current, with detailed toponymic and 
cultural information. Although position information is 
required, if this can be provided from other sources, then 
it is not essential on the intelligence map or chart itself. 
Currency of information is of prime importance, together 
with the ability to associate the information within an 
appropriate position referencing system. Where possible, 
maps are supported by photographic or other imagery. In 
other words, the most up-to-date geographic information 
is essential, together with the ability to relate it back to 
the standard products used by the operators. 
The requirement for military operations is that detailed 
map and chart information be available, in sufficient 
quantities, for all forces concerned. These maps and 
charts must be current, contain standard navigation and 
position information (in the form of a grid or graticule) 
plus detailed topographic and hydro graphic information. 
644 
Interoperability and standardization of information is of 
prime importance[3]. 
2.3.4 Logistic Information Systems; Planning for 
logistics with detailed route definitions, distribution 
models, shortest path analysis, query and display of the 
facilities and logistic infrastructure and other related 
issues are fundamentals of GIS Logistic Information 
Systems. 
2.3.5 Electronic Warfare Systems; All electronic 
warfare systems require terrain data either for analysis or 
for display. 
e 
2.3.0 Radar Coverage and Frequency Analyses 
Systems; For the site selection of the radars and radio 
antennas, coverage area analysis, propagation analysis, 
weapon and or missile corridors, flight corridors and etc. 
are analyzed and displayed via GIS tools. 
2.3.7 Common Operational Picture (COP), 
Land/Maritime/Air Recognized Picture; This is totally 
a new concept in GIS. The details are discussed below 
about that concept. 
2.3.8 3D Terrain Modeling, Drape and Fly 
Through Systems; It is important to model the terrain 
and evaluate it before the operation. Draping of various 
accuracy maps and imagery on the terrain also is very 
helpful for intelligence. This technology is also used for 
flight simulation. 
2.3.9 Military map browsing Systems; Together 
with the central use of GIS data, increase in the 
performance of GIS data usage with multi-user 
environment, it has been very popular to browse the 
maps on the web. As mentioned above the maps are very 
intensively used for various purposes and the high 
performance access to the maps is very important now 
with easy to use browsing capabilities. 
2.3.10 And others, including other geographic analysis 
such as profile analysis, distance measurement, angle 
measurement, night visibility analysis, military overlay 
preparation tools, scaled and oriented value added map 
re-production, fire coordination systems, deployment and 
transportation planning-monitoring systems etc. 
3. THE TRENDS & SAMPLE CASE; COP 
(COMMON OPERATIONAL PICTURE) 
CONCEPT; 
3.1 Tests to Evaluate the Trends 
The character of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 
in Command and Control Systems has been changing in 
last years. Instead of being a supportive but largely 
independent service to the operations, they've become 
fully integrated at nearly all level of C2 systems 
At this section of the paper we will discuss about the new 
technologies and their roles in Command and Control 
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