International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B2. Istanbul 2004 
  
voneinander entwickelt worden waren. Allerdings entstand dadurch ein neues Problem. Bereits bestehende Datenbankensysteme und 
GIS müssen mit den vorgegebenen Standards kompatibel sein, um Interoperabilität zu gewährleisten. Das soll unter anderem durch 
den internationalen vereinbarten Standard zum Umfang von Datenbanken erreicht werden. 
1. INTRODUCTION 
Nowadays, automation of the manual systems and file systems 
provided a flexibility to all sectors. Especially, independent 
functional applications and databases were developed with 
military purposes. Thus, first stage of the information system 
development was completed. Second stage is development of 
the integral (complex) information systems, such as 
Consultation, Command and Control Information (C3) systems. 
That is because, the existence of standalone information 
systems is not sufficient any more, for the specialists and 
decision mechanisms. On the global world, area of interest of 
military activities covers whole world territory. For this reason, 
it is required to handle huge amount of information very 
rapidly. Not only the quantity but also type of the data has 
changed in terms of armed forces applications. Functional Area 
services. (FAS) were assessed independently so far, but 
developing IT technology allowed to combine different type of 
FAS together under the umbrella of Command and Control 
Information Systems (C2IS). On the other hand configuration of 
the C2IS could not be completed very easily, because of 
incompatible ^ architecture. of ^ independently developed 
functional area services applications. Data exchange and 
interoperability were not maintained among these systems. At 
this point, International Organizations, such as NATO,UN, EU 
etc. played important roles for definition of the rules and 
standards to establish common architectures or open systems 
design. Especially, as the most important International Security 
Organization, NATO was very dominant. That is because, 
organizational requirements for Automated Information 
Systems (AIS) were very urgent, organizational structure was 
wide and crowded enough. The most important supportive 
factor was the shared budget of NATO for developing and 
testing new information systems. In terms of C2IS, use of 
interdisciplinary Core Services and FAS together created a 
synergy. Meanwhile, it should be mentioned that development 
of the C2IS is still under progress and data exchange, 
interoperability among independently developed C2IS is an 
alive problem. 
2. MULTILATERAL INTEROPERABILITY 
PROGRAMME (MIP) TACTICAL C2IS 
INTEROPERABILITY REQUIREMENT 
2.1 Introduction 
The application of military force in the early 21st century is 
demanding. It covers a wide spectrum of threats and 
deployment scenarios that range from conventional general war 
through limited operations, crises response operations, 
asymmetric conflict, and terrorism. Unilateral capability is 
important to nations but most planning is made on the 
assumption of alliance and coalition operations in scenarios that 
are difficult to predict and which often arise at short notice. 
Thus the nature and composition of a force structure to meet 
military requirements will be specific to requirement and based 
upon a general and flexible military capability. 
668 
To achieve this, an assured capability for interoperability of 
information is essential. The successful execution of fast 
moving operations needs an accelerated decision-action cycle, 
increased tempo of operations, and the ability to conduct 
operations ~~ within ^ combined/multinational ^ formations. 
Commanders require timely and accurate information. Also, 
supporting command and control (C2) systems need to pass 
information within and across national and language 
boundaries. Moreover, tactical C2 information must be 
provided to the operational and strategic levels of command 
including other governmental departments. Additionally, forces 
must interact with non-governmental organisations, including 
international aid organisations. 
The Multilateral Interoperability Programme (MIP) aims to 
deliver an assured capability for interoperability of information 
to support land focused joint operations[4]. 
2.20 Aim and use of MIP in the C2IS 
The aim of the Multilateral Interoperability Programme (MIP) 
is to achieve international interoperability of Command and 
Control Information Systems (C2IS) at all levels from corps to 
the lowest appropriate level, in order to support combined and 
joint operations; and pursue the advancement of digitization in 
the international arena, including NATO. 
The means to achieve this will be known as the MIP solution. 
This will take into account issues regarding the establishment of 
communication and information systems connectivity, and the 
establishment of a C2IS interface that fulfils common 
information exchange requirements. 
The Programme has gone through the stages of: operational 
analysis, concept, feasibility, definition, development and 
demonstration. The present focus is on implementation and the 
programme has adopted a controlled iterative cycle to support 
incremental development. The information exchange 
requirements, upon which MIP is founded, encompass the 
spectrum of Joint and Combined Land Operations. Thus MIP 
meets the requirements of the Land Component Commander of 
Allied Joint and Combined Operations (including Article 5 
and Crisis Response Operations). Systems may be wholly 
different from each other and need not necessarily conform to 
any hardware or software standard. Typically systems will be 
acquired through national or NATO acquisition programmes 
and their architecture will conform to the national or NATO 
policy prevailing at the time. 
In a community of MIP-enabled C2 systems nations, command 
levels and organisations can share: 
* Situational awareness (including, inter-alia, capabilities and 
status of friendly and enemy forces). 
* Plans and Orders. 
* NBC alerts and critical messages[4]. 
2.3 The MIP concept 
The MIP specification consists of common interface and 
exchange mechanisms (two at present) to exchange information 
between co-operating but diverse C2 systems. The common: 
interface is the Land C2 Information Exchange Data Model, 
LC2IEDM. It is a product of the analysis of a wide spectrum of 
allied information exchange requirements. It models the 
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