International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B2. Istanbul 2004
to C2IS databases for research. The ATCCIS database delivers
the domain model. As a scenario for the prototype system the
planning of a multi-national operation was used. In the first
step, it was realized that the natural language front-end that will
be able to answer simple spoken questions concerning this
scenario, e.g., "Gehört das 9. Deutsche Bataillon zu den
verfügbaren Einheiten?" ("Does the 9th GE battalion belong to
the available units?"). The scenario was elaborated enough, so
that more complicated language and domain problems can be
modelled too in the future, e.g., complex questions or dialogues.
The long-term objective of the project NATLAC is the
construction of a dialogue system for a subset of spoken
German referring to the scenario in the ATCCIS database [2].
$4 —9| Speech
Recognizer 1.25
exicon Syntactic
: System Semantic Context
Acoustic Kema |*—9| 55 sis | € * [ontotogy
el nalysis ;
Mod Semantic
t DB-Access Dialogue
Module Analysis
GE, 4 Speech
T Output
C2IS
Figure 3. System configuration of HLT [2].
3 GIS & C2IS
3.1 Definition and role of GIS
With a narrow identification; GIS is computer software that
links geographic information (where things are) with
descriptive information (what things are). Unlike a flat paper
map, where "what you sce is what you get," a GIS can present
many layers of different information. To use a paper map, all
you do is unfold it. Spread out before you is a representation of
cities and roads, mountains and rivers, railroads, and political
boundaries. The cities are represented by little dots or circles,
the roads by black lines, the mountain peaks by tiny triangles,
and the lakes by small blue areas similar to the real lakes. A
digital map is not much more difficult to use than a paper map.
As on the paper map, there are dots or points that represent
features on the map such as cities, lines that represent features
such as roads, and small areas that represent features such as
lakes[3].
Briefly GIS, takes together information layers relevant to a
definite geographic extend to give the user a better
understanding about that region. What kind layers of
information you collect depend on vour purpose. Especially for
the military purposes, aim of the user may be; reconnaissance,
Unit/troop tracking, intelligence, operation, C2IS, logistic,
battle damage assessment etc. In order to use a GIS:
e. Software,
e. Data,
9 People,
* Training are necessary.
GIS Target Architecture of NC3A covers:
e Use of open standards,
670
e Elimination of proprietary file formats from Core
GIS services,
e Specification of standardised interfaces between
the Core GIS services and functional services with
emphasis on:
o Flexibility
o . Openness
o Interoperability
3.2 Specifications and use of GIS in C2IS
GIS is one of the basic building stone of C2IS. According to the
rising trend, GIS works as an integral part of the C2IS. There
are some standards for functional area services database
architectures such as ATCCIS and nowadays MIP (Multilateral
[Interoperability Programme), in terms of military symbology ;
Mil Std-2525/APP-6(A) etc. Favorite software alternative for
database is LC2IEDM Oracle Database. In terms of GIS
architecture, NATO ACE ACCIS (NATO Allied Command
Europe Automated Command, Control and Information
System) geospatial information support for the functional are
services. Namely web based tools for situational awareness and
all of the functional area services such as LRP(Land
Recognized Picture), ERP (Event Recognized Picture) tools etc.
use digital geospatial information as map base. GIS also
provides geographic analysis opportunity for planning process.
Thematic military overlays can also be prepared via GIS.
* rat
st M UNITS
—— ^ T
mem" -
Mtas BUILDINGS
2US T ROAD
NETWORK
Figure 4. Example for GIS Layers of Information.
Intern
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