International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B2. Istanbul 2004 
  
  
Figure 6. Bi-SC AIS High Level System View 
The Functional Area Services, supported by common core 
products, provide specific applications to specialist end-users. 
These are normally provided by a database server and software 
applications, which run on either the end-user desktop, or on a 
separate application server, and render the requisite data to the 
end-users and facilitate data transactions such as display and 
modification. 
4.1.3 Functional Requirements: The Bi-SC AIS 
configuration is required to provide the AIS services, through a 
combination of hardware and software components. 
Core Services will be installed at every Bi-SC AIS node and 
will be required to support all mission areas/organisational 
elements with general-purpose services. They will provide 
common applications for all users and the enabling technologies 
such as web-browsing, collaborative tools etc. 
Interoperability Services will provide information exchange 
capabilities, facilitate the co-operative efforts of the different 
command nodes and enhance the ability of the SCs to 
interoperate with nations and external organisations. 
Security Services will provide confidentiality, integrity, 
availability, authentication, access-control, non-repudiation and 
accountability services across the entire system. 
Management Services will provide for integrated system 
management and support for both node and Local Area 
Network (LAN) assets and relevant WAN assets. 
Functional Area Services (FAS) will provide business-dedicated 
applications, databases, and in some cases special interfaces to 
external systems through secure gateways. These Services will 
be required to support a specific mission area/organisational 
element and collaborative processes between different mission 
areas/organisational elements. 
Network Services will provide the variety of communication 
services required by Static and Deployable HQs and 
Augmentation Forces. These will be provided by one integrated 
WAN plus LANs.[1] 
5 CONLUSIONS 
GIS is a computer application, combining digital geospatial 
information with descriptive information. GIS holds thematic 
672 
information on the dedicated layers. At the beginning of the 
evolution process, GIS was used as a standalone tool. Huge size 
digital geospatial information warehousing was a problem. 
Network centric GIS architecture was developed via 
technological improvements on network, GIS application 
software and computer sciences. Nowadays, according to 
lessons learned and results of scientific research, the most 
favorite configuration is "WEB based GIS architecture with 
RDBMS based spatial data storage". One of the most important 
GIS application area is armed forces applications. Strategic 
trends in armed forces information systems forced the 
specialists to use integrated systems, for instance C2IS. C2IS 
are composed of “Functional Area Services” such as Land C2 
Services, Air C2 Services, Joint C2 Services etc. additionally 
“Core Capability” such as Management Services, Security 
Services etc. and as the last component LAN or Wide Area 
Network. In fact, each C2 system can be assessed as a hybrid 
system which is composed of Automated Information Systems, 
such as Land Recognized Picture Information System or 
Logistics Information System etc. and GIS component. 
In order to secure; interoperability, coherent situational 
awareness, planning and information management, C2IS have 
been implemented. Mean while, so far each country in the 
NATO has developed her own C2IS independently. But, 
nowadays, trend is the design and implementation of a flexible 
core of a platform-independent, interoperable, network- centric 
C2IS system which allows a fast and easy integration of 
arbitrary IT components. In particular, architecture should be 
opened to Web Services. Some significant applications of Web 
services has already been implemented, for instance Common 
Operational Picture (COP) viewer. 
Interoperability is the basic issue among the standalone C2IS 
and indirectly GIS. In order to secure: interoperability, 
connectivity and common information exchange ability, NATO 
has developed some standard architectures, such as ACE 
ACCIS, ATCCIS, AIS and lately MIP. According to these 
standard architectures, most probably web based new C2IS and 
GIS are going to be implemented in the near future. 
6 REFERENCES 
[1] NATO C3 Technical Architecture Volume 1 Management 
Version 5.0 [15 December 2003] — ISSC NATO Open Systems 
Working Group. 
http://nc3ta.nc3a.nato.int (accessed 01 Apr. 2004) 
[2] Architecture of Distributed C21S4 
http:/^/www.fgan.de/FKIE/En/FKIE ITF/ITF Architecture/body 
itf. architecture.html (accessed 01 Apr. 2004). 
[3] ESRI, 2002. White Paper, Geography Matters. ESRI, 380 
New York Street, Redlands, CA 92373-8100, USA. 
[4] MTIR — OWG Draft for Edition: 2.0, Iteration 5 
http://www.mip-site.org/MIP_Specifications/Baseline 2.0/ 
MTIR-MIP Tactical C2IS Interoperability Requirements/ 
MTIR-FR-OWG:-Draft2.0.5.pdf (accessed 01 Apr. 2004). 
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