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POLANDS EXPERIENCE IN ACQUIRING REMOTE SENSING DATA 
WITHIN THE OPEN SKIES INTERNATIONAL TREATY 
M. Zyznowski®, W. Debski", A. Klewski®, P. W alczykowski^ 
* Polish Air Force, 103 Zwirki i Wigury Str., 00912 Warsaw, Poland 
Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego Str., 00908 Warsaw, Poland (wdebski, aklewski, pwalczykowski)@wat.edu.pl 
KEY WORDS: Photography, Film, Development, Processing, Technology 
ABSTRACT: 
Open Skies Treaty /OS/ is one of a few international agreements giving base to a created cooperative security system. Each member 
country has the right to conduct a mission over the other countries and take airborne photos of selected objects. The main 
requirements of the Treaty concern the max resolving power that may be achieved by means of photographic (30cm), thermal 
(50cm), video (30cm) or radar (3m) sensors. The paper presents the Polish experience concerning photographic recorders application 
to the Treaty realization. The presented results of sensitometric and resolvometric study of films applied during OS missions enable 
determination of maximum resolving power for each of them as a function of exposure and processing.. 
1. INTRODUCTION 
Film is the main medium for imagery information during the 
OS missions. Miscellaneous types of airborne films are applied 
to acquire photographic imagery information. Currently, eight 
types of films are applied: KODAK SO-050, 3404 and 3412, 
AGFA PAN-200, Russian TYP 42L and 38, Ukrainian TYP42 
and Czech FOMA AIR 200. The study was additionally 
extended on: AGFA PAN 80 and 400. These films are different 
with respect to photosensitivity and contrast. Depending on the 
type of the exposed films, specific processors, solutions and 
temperature and time regimes are recommended to be applied. 
Sensitometric study is conducted both during the aircraft 
homologation phase and the mission to assess the quality of the 
airborne photosensitive materials. 
To simplify the acquisition of rescarch data for determination of 
the basic sensitometric quantities /ISO and GOST 
photosensitivity, mean gradient, contrast/ the member countries 
developed their own computer programs. 
There is, however, no database enabling results comparison of 
the processing of films used during OPEN SKIES missions in 
miscellaneous processors and solutions and there is no 
correlations between them. 
Sensitometric programs and databases concerning films 
processed in various conditions are necessary for controlling the 
correctness of the Treaty tasks realization. 
To meet the requirements, Poland realized the following tasks: 
I. Developed widely available software program enabling 
easy input of data and calculation basic sensitometric 
quantities according to the OPEN SKIES Treaty /ISO 
and GOST/ 
2. Conducted sensitometric and resolvometric study of air- 
borne photosensitive materials used during the OPEN 
SKIES missions and processed in solutions and proces- 
sors of miscellaneous regimes of work. /PM-32, 
VERSAMAT, / 
Created sensitometric databases for films used during 
the OPEN SKIES missions taking into account the 
processing. 
4. Developed software program enabling the database 
management. 
va 
79 
2. SENSITOMETRIC STUDY. EXPOSURE 
PARAMETERS SELECTION 
Samples of photosensitive materials used for the determination 
were exposed by means of Avisense 2000 sensitometer with 21- 
step tablet (Fig.1a.). The exposure time was 1/1000 s , and the 
luminance was controlled by means of replaceable gray carbon 
filters. The values of the exposures for each of the filters are 
presented in table in Fig. 1b. The light source was a xenon lamp 
of flash type with spectrum corresponding to day light 
according to ISO 7829 norm. 
step tablet 
N.D. attenuation 
  
xenon flash tube 
Fig. 1. Diagram of flash type sensitometer /Avisense2000/. [5] 
Table 2 — characteristics of carbon filters set and exposure 
conditions. 
  
  
Filter code Di H, [Lux s] 
5 
  
  
  
  
F005-800 0,2 5,20 
F005-400 0,48 2.15 
F005-200 0,8 1,0 
F005-100 1,13 0,38 
F005-50 1,46 0,15