International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B3. Istanbul 2004 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
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1.3 5 
55 432 1 
-1 7T 7T 53.1 
5 5 5 
7 7 7 -1 
Fig. 2: Multi-overlay at a 60% layout (top) vs. 80 % forward 
overlap (bottom). The number of frames and intersecting rays 
(top line) doubles, but the redundancy (i.e. 4 of observations — 3 
coordinates of the tie point, bottom line) increases by a factor of 
up to 7 times. 
4.4 Multi-Ray Matching for AT 
The positive impact of multiple overlapss becomes obvious 
when comparing the results from  aerotriangulation. We 
demonstrate this by a small strip with 11 images. The 
aerotriangulation was performed twice, once by excluding 
every second image and therefore reducing the overlap to 70 % 
(cf. Fig. 3a) and secondly by processing the triangulation for the 
entire data set resulting in a forward overlap of about 85 % (cf. 
Fig. 3b). 
  
  
  
Fig. 3a: Results from the aerotriangulation by MATCH-AT of 6 
images at about 70 % forward overlap (Project A). 
  
Fig. 3b: Results from the aerotriangulation by MATCH-AT of 
11 images at about 85 % forward overlap (Project B). 
  
Project A (6 images @ 70% forward overlap) 
Signe on, tL.65 pm 
Based on 
found 193 points connecting 2 photos 
found 344 points connecting 3 photos 
found 184 points connecting 4 photos 
Number of observations 4437 
Number of unknowns 2229 
Redundancy 2208 
Mean standard deviations of terrain points 
X ti 0.019 [meter] 
y t 0.025 [meter] 
z + 0.102 [meter] 
Tie Point z quality by 
Number of links/Standard deviation 
4 zZ +0,077 =- +0.060 [meter] 
3 z t0.158 - 10.082 [meter] 
2 z =:+0.287 - 40.160 [meter] 
  
Project B (11 images @ 85% forward overlap) 
Sigma oi... £1.75 pum 
Based on 
found 48 points connecting 2 photos 
found 80 points connecting 3 photos 
found 116 points connecting 4 photos 
found 160 points connecting 5 photos 
found 146 points connecting 6 photos 
found 173 points connecting 7 photos 
found 47 points connecting 8 photos 
Number of observations 8244 
Number of unknowns 2394 
Redundancy 5850 
Mean standard deviations of terrain points 
X t 0.016 [meter] 
y i 0.020 [meter] 
Z + 0.085 [meter] 
    
  
  
  
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
   
   
    
    
  
  
  
    
   
   
   
  
    
    
  
  
    
  
   
   
    
    
  
  
  
  
   
     
   
  
International Arc 
ee 
Tie Point z q 
Number of lin 
8 z 140,043 
+0.046 
2 +0.059 
z +0.065 
zg 40.052 
z E0110 
z 20.160 
Table 1: Sta 
The results of | 
overall geometric 
Proect A by a 
detected, when 
points. We show 
point could be m 
clear impact on 
deviation with 8 
images). 
42 Multi-ray N 
Based on a nov 
output of a DSM 
was processed an 
  
Fig. 5: Automa 
Result from 2 
rays (bottom) sh