International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B3. Istanbul 2004 
  
Table 3. Root mean square error of both automatically 
and manually 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Automatically 
Int. orient. Manually 
r.m.s.e int.orient. 
Image No (pixel) r.m.s.e(pixel) 
9061 0.37 0.22 
9062 0.37 0.25 
9063 0.37 0.33 
9064 0.71 0.35 
9065 0.46 0.22 
9066 0.81 0.25 
9067 0.73 0.35 
9068 0.46 0.26 
9069 0.06 0.28 
9070 0.89 0.35 
  
  
  
  
  
5. CONCLUSIONS 
In this study, we showed that the positions of fiducial marks 
were found using cross correlation method, which is one of the 
area based matching techniques. Transformation parameters are 
obtained from two different coordinates of fiducial marks that 
are pixel coordinate system and image coordinate system at the 
end of the fiducial mark searching process. The value of the 
root mean square error of the affine transformation is used as a 
confirmation criterion for the accuracy. The values of the root 
mean square error of the affine transformation are 0.06 to 0.89 
pixel. Furthermore, manually the values of the root mean 
square error of the affine transformation are 0.22 to 0.35 pixel. 
The root mean square errors derived using cross correlation are 
bigger than the root mean square error derived by human 
operator (approximately twice the other values). 
The reliability of the algorithm depends on mainly on the 
radiometric and geometric quality of the digitised images. 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
This paper is partly based on Ph.D. thesis carried out by H. 
Karabork and prepared in Selcuk University. 
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